Low molecular weight amide/ester containing quaternary ammonium salts

ABSTRACT

The present technology is related to amide or ester containing quaternary ammonium salts having a hydrocarbyl substituent of number average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 750, and the use of such quaternary ammonium salts in fuel compositions to improve the water shedding performance of the fuel composition.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present technology is related to amide or ester containingquaternary ammonium salts having a hydrocarbyl substituent of numberaverage molecular weight of 300 to 750, and the use of such quaternaryammonium salts in fuel and lubricant compositions to improve the watershedding performance of the compositions. The invention further relatesto a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine with thelubricant composition for at least one of antiwear, friction,detergency, dispersancy, and/or corrosion control performance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Deposit formation in diesel fuel injector nozzles is highly problematic,resulting in incomplete diesel combustion, and therefore power loss andmisfiring. Traditionally, polyisobutylene succinimide detergents havebeen used to inhibit injector fouling, but these materials have shownpoor efficacy in modern engines. A new class of compounds based onquaternized polyisobutylene succinimides has been shown to provideimproved detergency performance in both the traditional and moderndiesel engines.

Although deposit control is the main function required of detergentmolecules, there are a number of additional performance attributes whichare desired. One of these is the ability of the detergent to shed water,or resolve water in oil emulsions. The entrainment of water in, forexample, crude oil or downstream fuel pipelines, and during producttransfer, can result in the formation of stable emulsions and suspendedmatter in the crude or fuel. Such emulsions can plug filters orotherwise make such emulsion containing fuels unacceptable. This couldalso result in corrosion issues downstream.

In order to assist in the water shedding process, a class of moleculesknown as demulsifiers can be added to fuel or crude oil formulations,whether in the pipeline, at the pump or as an aftermarket additive.While demulsifiers can assist in the water shedding process, it would bedesirable to provide a new detergent molecule that provides improveddemulsification performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been found that quaternary ammoniums salts prepared fromhydrocarbyl substituted acylating agents, such as, for example,polyisobutyl succinic acids or anhydrides, having a hydrocarbylsubstituent with a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of 300 to750, result in quaternary ammonium salts that, when blended into dieselfuel, provide demulsification performance. The number average molecularweight (M_(n)) may be measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC)based on polystyrene standards.

Thus, in one aspect the present technology provides a compositionincluding an amide or ester containing quaternary ammonium salt with anumber average molecular weight (M_(n)) ranging from 300 to 750(“amide/ester quat”). The amide/ester quat itself can be the reactionproduct of (a) a quaternizable compound and (b) a quaternizing agentsuitable for converting a quaternizable amino group of the nitrogencontaining compound to a quaternary nitrogen. The quaternizable compoundcan be the reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylatingagent, and (ii) a nitrogen containing compound having an oxygen ornitrogen atom capable of reacting with the hydrocarbyl-substitutedacylating agent to form an ester or amide, and further having at leastone quaternizable amino group. The hydrocarbyl-substituent can have anumber average molecular weight of less than 1200, such as, for example,from 300 to 750.

In an embodiment, the quaternizable amino group can be a primary,secondary or tertiary amino group. In a further embodiment, thehydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent can be polyisobutenyl succinicanhydride or polyisobutenyl succinic acid.

In some embodiments, the reaction to prepare the quaternizable compoundof (a) can be carried out at a temperature of less than 80° C.

In other embodiments, the quaternizing agents can exclude methylsalicylate. In the same or different embodiments, the nitrogencontaining compound can exclude dimethylaminopropylamine.

In still further embodiments, the quaternizing agent can be a dialkylsulfate, an alkyl halide, a hydrocarbyl substituted carbonate, ahydrocarbyl epoxide, a carboxylate, alkyl esters, or mixtures thereof.In some cases the quaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide. Insome cases the quaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide incombination with an acid. In some cases the quaternizing agent can be anoxalate or terephthalate.

In some embodiments, the amide/ester quats described above can furtherinclude at least one other additive. In some instances, the at least oneother additive can be a detergent, a demulsifier, or a mixture thereof.In some instances the at least one other additive can be at least onenon-quaternized hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid. In someinstances, the at least one other additive can be at least onehydrocarbyl-substituted quaternary ammonium salt. In some instanceswhere the at least one other additive is a non-quaternized orquaternized hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, thehydrocarbyl-substituent can be a polyisobutylene having a molecularweight of 100 to 5000. In an embodiment, the at least one other additivecan be at least one Mannich compound.

A further aspect of the present technology includes a composition havingan amide/ester quat as described herein, and further having a fuel thatis liquid at room temperature. In some embodiments the fuel can be adiesel fuel. A further aspect of the present technology includes acomposition having an amide/ester quat as described herein, and furtherhaving an oil of lubricating viscosity.

A still further aspect of the present technology provides a method ofoperating an internal combustion engine. In one embodiment, the methodcan include the steps of (a) supplying to the engine a fuel compositionand (b) operating said engine. The fuel composition employed in theforegoing method can include (i) a fuel which is liquid at roomtemperature, and (ii) a composition comprising an amide/ester quat asdescribed herein. In another embodiment, the method of operating aninternal combustion engine can include the steps of (a) supplying alubricating oil composition to the crankcase of the engine and (b)operating said engine. The lubricating oil composition can include (i)oil of lubricating viscosity, and (ii) a composition comprising anamide/ester quat as described herein.

Embodiments of the present technology may provide the use of amide/esterquat for at least one of antiwear performance, friction modification(particularly for enhancing fuel economy), detergent performance(particularly deposit control or varnish control), dispersancy(particularly soot control or sludge control), or corrosion control.

One embodiment of the present technology provides a method of improvingwater shedding, or demulsification, performance of a fuel composition.The method includes employing in a fuel, which is liquid at roomtemperature, a composition containing an amide/ester quat as describedherein.

Also provided is the use of a composition containing an amide/ester quatas described herein, to provide improved water shedding ordemulsification performance in a fuel that is liquid at roomtemperature.

Accordingly, a composition comprising an amide or ester containingquaternary ammonium salt with a number average molecular weight of 300to 750 (“amide/ester quat”) is disclosed. The amide/ester quat maycomprise the reaction product of (i) a quaternizable compound and (ii) aquaternizing agent. The quaternizable compound may be the reactionproduct of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent having ahydrocarbyl-substituent with number average molecular weight rangingfrom 300 to 750. The nitrogen containing compound may have at least onequaternizable amino group and at least one oxygen or nitrogen atomcapable of reacting with the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent toform an ester or amide. The quaternizing agent may be suitable forconverting the quaternizable amino group of the nitrogen containingcompound to a quaternary nitrogen.

In another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent maycomprise at least one polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride orpolyisobutenyl succinic acid.

The reaction of the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent with thenitrogen containing compound may be carried out at a temperature of lessthan about 80° C.

In one embodiment, the quaternizable amino group may be a primary,secondary or tertiary amino group. In another embodiment, the nitrogencontaining compound excludes dimethylaminopropylamine. In anotherembodiment, the quaternizing agent may comprise at least one dialkylsulfate, alkyl halide, hydrocarbyl substituted carbonate, hydrocarbylepoxide, carboxylate, alkyl ester, or mixtures thereof. In otherembodiments, the quaternizing agent may be a hydrocarbyl epoxide,hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with an acid, an oxalate orterephthalate. In yet another embodiment, the quaternizing agent mayexclude methyl salicylate.

In one embodiment, the composition comprising the amide/ester quat mayfurther comprise at least one other additive. In another embodiment, theat least one other additive may comprise a detergent, a dispersant, ademulsifier, a lubricity agent, a cold flow improver, an antioxidant, ora mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the at least one otheradditive may comprise at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid, hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, or hydrocarbyl-substitutedquaternary ammonium salt.

In yet another embodiment, the at least one other additive may compriseat least one detergent/dispersant that is an amphiphilic substance whichpossess at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical with a numberaverage molecular weight of 100 to 10000 and at least one polar moietyselected from (i) Mono- or polyamino groups having up to 6 nitrogenatoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties; (ii) Hydroxylgroups in combination with mono or polyamino groups, at least onenitrogen atoms having basic properties; (v) Polyoxy-C2 to C4 alkylenemoieties terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, atleast one nitrogen atom having basic properties, or by carbamate groups;(vii) Moieties derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyland/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups; and/or (viii) Moietiesobtained by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes andmono- or polyamines.

In another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl-substituent of the additive maybe a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight ranging from 100 to 5000.In yet another embodiment, the additive may comprise at least oneMannich compound.

In one embodiment, composition comprising the amide/ester quat mayfurther comprise a fuel that is liquid at room temperature. The fuel maybe gasoline or diesel. In another embodiment, the fuel may furthercomprise at least one of a low number average molecular weight soap, alow number average molecular weight polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI),or a mixture thereof. The low number average molecular weight soap canhave a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 340.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel may comprise from 0.01 to 25 ppm ofa metal and from 1 to 16 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosioninhibitor may be an alkenyl succinic acid comprising at least one ofdodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA), hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA), ormixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel may comprise PIBSI with a low numberaverage molecular weight Mn of less than 400.

In yet another embodiment, composition comprising the amide/ester quatmay further comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity.

Methods of improving water shedding performance, or demulsification, ofa fuel composition are also disclosed. The method may comprise employinga composition comprising an amide/ester quat as described above.

Methods of operating an internal combustion engine are also disclosed.In one embodiment, the method may comprise supplying a fuel to an engineand operating the engine. The fuel may be a liquid at room temperatureand have a composition comprising an amide/ester quat as described abovetherein.

In another embodiment, the method may comprise supplying an oil oflubricating viscosity to a crankcase of the engine and operating theengine. The oil of lubricating viscosity may have a compositioncomprising an amide/ester quat as described above therein. In anotherembodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity has total sulfated ash ofless than 1 wt % and/or a phosphorus content of less than 0.11 wt %.

Methods of reducing and/or preventing injector deposits are alsodisclosed. In one embodiment, a method may comprise supplying a furl toa fuel injector of an engine and operating the engine. The fuel may be aliquid at room temperature and have composition comprising anamide/ester quat as described above therein.

The deposits may comprise a low number average molecular weight soap, alow number average molecular weight polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI),or mixtures thereof.

The fuel may comprise a low number average molecular weight soap with anumber average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 340.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel may comprise from 0.01 to 25 ppm ofa metal and from 1 to 12 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosioninhibitor may be an alkenyl succinic acid comprising at least one ofdodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA), hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA), ormixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the fuel may comprise a PIBSI with a low numberaverage molecular weight Mn of less than 400.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel may be gasoline or diesel. Inanother embodiment, the engine may have a high pressure common railinjector system.

The use of a composition comprising an amide/ester quat as describedabove to reduce and/or prevent internal deposits in an engine operatedwith a gasoline or diesel fuel is disclosed. In one embodiment, theengine may have a high pressure common rail injector system. In yetanother embodiment, the deposits are internal diesel injector deposits(IDID) deposits.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the demulsification test results of an embodiment of thedisclosed technology.

FIG. 2 shows the CEC F-23-01 XUD-9 test results of an embodiment of thedisclosed technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various features and embodiments will be described below by way ofnon-limiting illustration.

One aspect of the current technology relates to a composition comprisingan amide/ester quat containing quaternary ammonium salt with a numberaverage molecular weight (“M_(n)”) ranging from 300 to 750 (“amide/esterquat”).

The number average molecular weight of the materials described herein ismeasured using gas permeation chromatography (GPC) using a Waters GPC2000 equipped with a refractive index detector and Waters Empower™ dataacquisition and analysis software. The columns are polystyrene (PLgel, 5micron, available from Agilent/Polymer Laboratories, Inc.). For themobile phase, individual samples are dissolved in tetrahydrofuran andfiltered with PTFE filters before they are injected into the GPC port.

Waters GPC 2000 Operating Conditions:

Injector, Column, and Pump/Solvent compartment temperatures: 40° C.Autosampler Control: Run time: 40 minutesInjection volume: 300 microliterPump: System pressure: ˜90 bars (Max. pressure limit: 270 bars, Min.pressure limit: 0 psi)Flow rate: 1.0 ml/minuteDifferential Refractometer (RI): Sensitivity: −16; Scale factor: 6Amide/Ester Containing Quaternary Ammonium Salt with a M_(n) Rangingfrom 300 to 750 (“Amide/Ester Quat”)

The production of a quaternary ammonium salt generally results in amixture of compounds including a quaternary ammonium salt or salts, andthis mixture may be difficult to define apart from the process stepsemployed to produce the quaternary ammonium salt. Further, the processby which a quaternary ammonium salt is produced can be influential inimparting distinctive structural characteristics to the final quaternaryammonium salt product that can affect the properties of the quaternaryammonium salt product. Thus, in one embodiment, the amide/ester quats ofthe present technology may be described as a reaction product of (a) aquaternizable compound, and (b) a quaternizing agent. As used herein,reference to amide/ester quat(s) includes reference to the mixturecompounds having a number average molecular weight ranging from 300 to750, including a quaternary ammonium salt or salts as described herein,as well as referring to the quaternary ammonium salt itself.

The quaternizable compound of (a) employed to prepare the amide/esterquat itself may be the reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl-substitutedacylating agent, and (ii) a nitrogen containing compound. Moreparticularly, the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent of (a)(i) canconsist of an acylating agent functionalized with ahydrocarbyl-substituent having a number average molecular weight of 300to 750.

Examples of quaternary ammonium salts and methods for preparing the sameare described in the following patents, which are hereby incorporated byreference, U.S. Pat. No. 4,253,980, U.S. Pat. No. 3,778,371, U.S. Pat.No. 4,171,959, U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,973, U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,206, U.S.Pat. No. 5,254,138, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,951,211.

Details regarding the quaternizable compound, and specifically, thehydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and the nitrogen containingcompound, as well as the quaternizing agent, are provided below.

The Hydrocarbyl Substituted Acylating Agent

The hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent employed to prepare thequaternizable compound can be the reaction product of the precursor tothe hydrocarbyl-substituent, which is a long chain hydrocarbon,generally a polyolefin, with a monounsaturated carboxylic acid reactantsuch as (i) α,β-monounsaturated C₄ to C₁₀ dicarboxylic acid such asfumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid; (ii) derivatives of (i) suchas anhydrides or C₁ to C₅ alcohol derived mono- or di-esters of (i);(iii) α,β-monounsaturated C₃ to C₁₀ monocarboxylic acid such as acrylicacid and methacrylic acid; or (iv) derivatives of (iii) such as C₁ to C₅alcohol derived esters of (iii).

The hydrocarbyl-substituent is a long chain hydrocarbyl group. In oneembodiment, the hydrocarbyl group can have a number average molecularweight (M_(n)) of 300 to 750. The M_(n) of the hydrocarbyl-substituentcan also be from 350 to 700, and in some cases from 400 to 600, or 650.In yet another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl-substituent may have a numberaverage molecular weight of 550. In an embodiment, thehydrocarbyl-substituent can be any compound containing an olefinic bondrepresented by the general formula:

(R¹)(R²)C═C(R⁶)(CH(R⁷)(R⁸))  (I)

wherein each of R¹ and R² is, independently, hydrogen or a hydrocarbonbased group. Each of R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ is, independently, hydrogen or ahydrocarbon based group; preferably at least one is a hydrocarbon basedgroup containing at least 20 carbon atoms.

Olefin polymers for reaction with the monounsaturated carboxylic acidscan include polymers comprising a major molar amount of C₂ to C₂₀, e.g.C₂ to C₅ monoolefin. Such olefins include ethylene, propylene, butylene,isobutylene, pentene, octene-1, or styrene. The polymers can behomopolymers such as polyisobutylene, as well as copolymers of two ormore of such olefins such as copolymers of; ethylene and propylene;butylene and isobutylene; propylene and isobutylene. Other copolymersinclude those in which a minor molar amount of the copolymer monomerse.g., 1 to 10 mole % is a C₄ to C₁₈ diolefin, e.g., a copolymer ofisobutylene and butadiene; or a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and1,4-hexadiene.

In one embodiment, at least one R of formula (I) is derived frompolybutene, that is, polymers of C4 olefins, including 1-butene,2-butene and isobutylene. C4 polymers can include polyisobutylene. Inanother embodiment, at least one R of formula (I) is derived fromethylene-alpha olefin polymers, including ethylene-propylene-dienepolymers. Ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers and ethylene-lowerolefin-diene terpolymers are described in numerous patent documents,including European patent publication EP 0 279 863 and the followingU.S. Pat. Nos. 3,598,738; 4,026,809; 4,032,700; 4,137,185; 4,156,061;4,320,019; 4,357,250; 4,658,078; 4,668,834; 4,937,299; 5,324,800 each ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference for relevant disclosures ofthese ethylene based polymers.

In another embodiment, the olefinic bonds of formula (I) arepredominantly vinylidene groups, represented by the following formulas:

wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group

wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group.

In one embodiment, the vinylidene content of formula (I) can comprise atleast 30 mole % vinylidene groups, at least 50 mole % vinylidene groups,or at least 70 mole % vinylidene groups. Such material and methods forpreparing them are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,071,919; 5,137,978;5,137,980; 5,286,823, 5,408,018, 6,562,913, 6,683,138, 7,037,999 andU.S. Publication Nos. 20040176552A1, 20050137363 and 20060079652A1,which are expressly incorporated herein by reference, such products arecommercially available by BASF, under the trade name GLISSOPAL® and byTexas PetroChemical LP, under the trade name TPC 1105™ and TPC 595™.

In other embodiments, the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent may bea “conventional” vinylidene polyisobutylene (PIB) wherein less than 20%of the head groups are vinylidene head groups as measured by nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR). Alternatively, the hydrocarbyl-substitutedacylating agent may be a mid-vinylidene PIB or a high-vinylidene PIB. Inmid-vinylidene PIBs, the percentage of head groups that are vinylidenegroups can range from greater than 20% to 70%. In high-vinylidene PIBs,the percentage of head groups that are vinylidene head groups is greaterthan 70%.

Methods of making hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agents from thereaction of the monounsaturated carboxylic acid reactant and thecompound of formula (I) are well known in the art and disclosed in thefollowing patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,361,673 and 3,401,118 to cause athermal “ene” reaction to take place; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,436;3,172,892; 3,272,746, 3,215,707; 3,231,587; 3,912,764; 4,110,349;4,234,435; 6,077,909; 6,165,235 and are hereby incorporated byreference.

In another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent canbe made from the reaction of at least one carboxylic reactantrepresented by the following formulas:

wherein each of R³, R⁵ and R⁹ is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group,R⁴ is a divalent hydrocarbylene group and n is 0 or 1 with any compoundcontaining an olefin bond as represented by formula (I). Compounds andthe processes for making these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,739,356; 5,777,142; 5,786,490; 5,856,524; 6,020,500; and 6,114,547.

In yet another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agentcan be made from the reaction of any compound represented by formula (I)with (IV) or (V), and can be carried out in the presence of at least onealdehyde or ketone. Suitable aldehydes include formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde,pentanal, hexanal. heptaldehyde, octanal, benzaldehyde, and higheraldehydes. Other aldehydes, including monoaldehydes, and dialdehydes,such as glyoxal, may also be used. In one embodiment, aldehyde isformaldehyde, which can be supplied as the aqueous solution oftenreferred to as formalin, but is more often used in the polymeric form asparaformaldehyde, which is a reactive equivalent of, or a source of,formaldehyde. Other reactive equivalents include hydrates or cyclictrimers. Suitable ketones include acetone, butanone, methyl ethylketone, and other ketones. In one embodiment of the disclosedtechnology, one of the two hydrocarbyl groups is methyl. Mixtures of twoor more aldehydes and/or ketones are also useful. Compounds and theprocesses for making these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,840,920; 6,147,036; and 6,207,839.

In another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent caninclude, methylene bis-phenol alkanoic acid compounds, the condensationproduct of (i) aromatic compound of the formula:

R_(m)—Ar—Z_(c)  (VI)

wherein R is independently a hydrocarbyl group, Ar is an aromatic groupcontaining from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and from 0 to 3 optionalsubstituents such as amino, hydroxy- or alkyl-polyoxyalkyl, nitro,aminoalkyl, carboxy or combinations of two or more of said optionalsubstituents, Z is independently OH, lower alkoxy, (OR¹⁰)_(b)OR¹¹, or O—wherein each R¹⁰ is independently a divalent hydrocarbyl group, R¹¹ is Hor hydrocarbyl and b is a number ranging from 1 to 30, c is a numberranging from 1 to 3 and m is 0 or an integer from 1 up to 6 with theproviso that m does not exceed the number of valences of thecorresponding Ar available for substitution and (ii) at least oncarboxylic reactant such as the compounds of formula (IV) and (V)described above. In one embodiment, at least one hydrocarbyl group onthe aromatic moiety is derived from polybutene. In one embodiment, thesource of hydrocarbyl groups are above described polybutenes obtained bypolymerization of isobutylene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalystsuch as aluminum trichloride or boron trifluoride. Compounds and theprocesses for making these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.3,954,808; 5,336,278; 5,458,793; 5,620,949; 5,827,805; and 6,001,781.

In another embodiment, the reaction of (i) with (ii), optionally in thepresence of an acidic catalyst such as organic sulfonic acids,heteropolyacids, and mineral acids, can be carried out in the presenceof at least one aldehyde or ketone. The aldehyde or ketone reactantemployed in this embodiment is the same as those described above. Theratio of the hydroxyaromatic compound: carboxylic reactant:aldehyde orketone can be 2:(0.1 to 1.5):(1.9 to 0.5). In one embodiment, the ratiois 2:(0.8 to 1.1):(1.2 to 0.9). The amounts of the materials fed to thereaction mixture will normally approximate these ratios, althoughcorrections may need to be made to compensate for greater or lesserreactivity of one component or another, in order to arrive at a reactionproduct with the desired ratio of monomers. Such corrections will beapparent to the person skilled in the art. While the three reactants canbe condensed simultaneously to form the product, it is also possible toconduct the reaction sequentially, whereby the hydroxyaromatic isreacted first with either the carboxylic reactant and thereafter withthe aldehyde or ketone, or vice versa. Compounds and the processes formaking these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,949.

In yet another embodiment the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agentcan include a mono-, dimer or trimer carboxylic acid with 20 to 54carbon atoms and is reactive with primary or secondary amines. Suitableacids include, but are not limited to, the mono, dimer, or trimer acidsof formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, caprylicacid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic,arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, myristoleicacid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid,vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α-linolenic acid,arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, anddocosahexaenoic acid.

Other methods of making the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent canbe found in the following reference, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,912,213;5,851,966; and 5,885,944 which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Nitrogen Containing Compound

The composition of the present invention contains a nitrogen containingcompound having a nitrogen atom capable of reacting with the acylatingagent and further having a quaternizable amino group. A quaternizableamino group is any primary, secondary or tertiary amino group on thenitrogen containing compound that is available to react with aquaternizing agent to become a quaternary amino group.

In one embodiment, the nitrogen containing compound can be representedby the following formulas:

wherein X is an alkylene group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R² ishydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group; and R³ and R⁴ are hydrocarbyl groups;or

wherein X is a alkylene group containing about 1 to about 4 carbonatoms; R3 and R4 are hydrocarbyl groups.

Examples of the nitrogen containing compound capable of reacting withthe acylating agent can include but is not limited to:dimethylaminopropylamine, N,N-dimethyl-aminopropylamine,N,N-diethyl-aminopropylamine, N,N-dimethyl-aminoethylamineethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, isomericamines, including butylenediamines, pentanediamines, hexanediamines, andheptanediamines, diethylenetriamine, dipropylenetriamine,dibutylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine,pentaethylenehexamine, hexamethylenetetramine, and bis(hexamethylene)triamine, the diaminobenzenes, the diaminopyridines,N-methyl-3-amino-1-propylamine, or mixtures thereof. The nitrogencontaining compounds capable of reacting with the acylating agent andfurther having a quaternizable amino group can further includeaminoalkyl substituted heterocyclic compounds such as1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole and 4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine,1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine, 3,3-diamino-N-methyldipropylamine,3′3-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine). Additional nitrogen containingcompounds capable of reacting with the acylating agent and having aquaternizable amino group include alkanolamines including but notlimited to triethanolamine, trimethanolamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropanol,N,N-diethylaminopropanol, N,N-diethylaminobutanol,N,N,N-tris(hydroxyethyl)amine, N,N,N-tris(hydroxymethyl)amine,N—N-dimethylethanolamine, N—N-diethylethanolamine,2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol, 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol,3-dimethylamino-1-propanol, 3-diethylamino-1-propanol,1-dimethylamino-2-propanol, 1-diethylamino-2-propanol,2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-1 propanol, 5-dimethylamino-2-propanol,2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-ethanol, 4-methyl-2-{piperidinomethyl}phenol, 1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinol, 1-benzylpyrrolidine-2-methanol,2,4,6-tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, dialkoxylated amines such asEthermeen T12. In some embodiments, the nitrogen containing compoundexcludes dimethylaminopropylamine.

In one embodiment, the nitrogen containing compound can be an imidazole,for example, as represented by the following formula:

wherein R is an amine or alkanol capable of condensing with saidhydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and having from 3 to 8 carbonatoms

In one embodiment, the nitrogen containing compound can be representedby at least one of formulas X or XI:

wherein each X can be, individually, a C1 to C6 hydrocarbylene group,and each R can be, individually, a hydrogen or a C1 to C6 hydrocarbylgroup. In one embodiment, X can be, for example, a C1, C2 or C3 alkylenegroup. In the same or different embodiments, each R can be, for example,H or a C1, C2 or C3 alkyl group.

Quaternizable Compound

The hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agents and nitrogen containingcompounds described above are reacted together to form a quaternizablecompound. Methods and process for reacting the hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agents and nitrogen containing compounds are well known in theart.

In embodiments, the reaction between the hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agents and nitrogen containing compounds can be carried out attemperatures of less than about 80° C., such as between about 30 andabout 70 or 75° C., or about 40 and about 60° C. At the foregoingtemperatures water may be produced during the condensation, which isreferred to herein as the water of reaction. In some embodiments, thewater of reaction can be removed during the reaction, such that thewater of reaction does not return to the reaction and further react.

The hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agents and nitrogen containingcompounds may be reacted at a ratio of 1:1, but the reaction may alsocontaining the respective reactants (i.e., hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agent:nitrogen containing compound) from 3:1 to 1:1.2, or from2.5:1 to 1:1.1, and in some embodiments from 2:1 to 1:1.05.

Quaternizing Agent

The quaternary ammonium salt can be formed when the quaternizablecompound, that is, the reaction products of the hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agent and nitrogen containing compounds described above, arereacted with a quaternizing agent. Suitable quaternizing agents caninclude, for example, dialkyl sulfates, alkyl halides, hydrocarbylsubstituted carbonates; hydrocarbyl epoxides, carboxylates, alkylesters, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the quaternizing agent can include alkyl halides,such as chlorides, iodides or bromides; alkyl sulfonates; dialkylsulfates, such as, dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate; sultones; alkylphosphates; such as, C1-12 trialkylphosphates; di C1-12 alkylphosphates;borates; C1-12 alkyl borates; alkyl nitrites; alkyl nitrates; dialkylcarbonates, such as dimethyl oxalate; alkyl alkanoates, such asmethylsalicylate; 0,0-di-C1-12 alkyldithiophosphates; or mixturesthereof.

In one embodiment, the quaternizing agent may be derived from dialkylsulfates such as dimethyl sulfate or diethyl sulfate, N-oxides, sultonessuch as propane and butane sultone; alkyl, acyl or aryl halides such asmethyl and ethyl chloride, bromide or iodide or benzyl chloride, and ahydrocarbyl (or alkyl) substituted carbonates. If the alkyl halide isbenzyl chloride, the aromatic ring is optionally further substitutedwith alkyl or alkenyl groups.

The hydrocarbyl (or alkyl) groups of the hydrocarbyl substitutedcarbonates may contain 1 to 50, 1 to 20, 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 carbon atomsper group. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituted carbonatescontain two hydrocarbyl groups that may be the same or different.Examples of suitable hydrocarbyl substituted carbonates include dimethylor diethyl carbonate.

In another embodiment, the quaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbylepoxide, for example, as represented by the following formula:

wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ can be independently H or a hydrocarbyl groupcontain from 1 to 50 carbon atoms. Examples of hydrocarbyl epoxidesinclude: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxideand combinations thereof. In one embodiment the quaternizing agent doesnot contain any styrene oxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrocarbyl epoxide can be an alcoholfunctionalized epoxide, C4 to C14 epoxides, and mixtures thereof. Inanother embodiment, the epoxide may be a C4 to C20 epoxide.

Exemplary C4 to C14 epoxides are those of formula XII where R¹, R², R³and R⁴ can be independently H or a C2 to C12 hydrocarbyl group. In anembodiment, the epoxides can be C4 to C14 epoxides. Epoxides suitable asquaternizing agents in the present technology can include, for example,C4 to C14 epoxides having linear hydrocarbyl substituents, such as, forexample, 2-ethyloxirane, 2-propyloxirane, and the like, and C4 to C14epoxides having branched and cyclic or aromatic substituents, such as,for example, styrene oxide. C4 to C14 epoxides can also includeepoxidized tri-glycerides, fats or oils; epoxidized alkyl esters offatty acids; and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary alcohol functionalized epoxides can include those of formulaXII where R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ can be independently H or a hydroxylcontaining hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, hydroxyl containinghydrocarbyl group can contain from 2 to 32, or from 3 to 28, or evenfrom 3 to 24 carbon atoms. Exemplary alcohol functionalized epoxidederivatives can include for example, glycidol and the like.

In some embodiments the hydrocarbyl epoxide can be employed incombination with an acid. The acid used with the hydrocarbyl epoxide maybe a separate component, such as acetic acid. In other embodiments, asmall amount of an acid component may be present, but at <0.2 or even<0.1 moles of acid per mole of hydrocarbyl acylating agent. These acidsmay also be used with the other quaternizing agents described above,including the hydrocarbyl substituted carbonates and related materialsdescribed below.

In some embodiments the quaternizing agent does not contain anysubstituent group that contains more than 20 carbon atoms.

In another embodiment the quaternizing agent can be an ester of acarboxylic acid capable of reacting with a tertiary amine to form aquaternary ammonium salt, or an ester of a polycarboxylic acid. In ageneral sense such materials may be described as compounds having thestructure:

R¹⁹—C(═O)—O—R²⁰  (XIII)

where R¹⁹ is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or alkylarylgroup and R²⁰ is a hydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 22 carbonatoms.

Suitable compounds include esters of carboxylic acids having a pKa of3.5 or less. In some embodiments the compound is an ester of acarboxylic acid selected from a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, anα-hydroxycarboxylic acid and a polycarboxylic acid. In some embodimentsthe compound is an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid andthus R¹⁹ is a substituted aryl group. R¹⁹ may be a substituted arylgroup having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a naphthyl group.R¹⁹ may be suitably substituted with one or more groups selected fromcarboalkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, SR′ or NR′R″ where each of R′ and R″may independently be hydrogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl,alkenyl, aryl or carboalkoxy groups. In some embodiments R′ and R″ areeach independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl groupcontaining from 1 to 22, 1 to 16, 1 to 10, or even 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

In some embodiments R¹⁹ in the formula above is an aryl groupsubstituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, carboalkoxy,nitro, cyano and NH². R¹⁹ may be a poly-substituted aryl group, forexample trihydroxyphenyl, but may also be a mono-substituted aryl group,for example an ortho substituted aryl group. R¹⁹ may be substituted witha group selected from OH, NH₂, NO₂, or COOMe. Suitably R¹⁹ is a hydroxysubstituted aryl group. In some embodiments R¹⁹ is a 2-hydroxyphenylgroup. R²⁰ may be an alkyl or alkylaryl group, for example an alkyl oralkylaryl group containing from 1 to 16 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 10,or 1 to 8 carbon atoms. R²⁰ may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,benzyl or an isomer thereof. In some embodiments R²⁰ is benzyl ormethyl. In some embodiments the quaternizing agent is methyl salicylate.In some embodiments the quaternizing agent excludes methyl salicylate.

In some embodiments the quaternizing agent is an ester of analpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid. Compounds of this type suitable for useherein are described in EP 1254889. Examples of suitable compounds whichcontain the residue of an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid include (i)methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, hexyl-, benzyl, phenyl-, andallyl esters of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid; (ii) methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-,butyl-, pentyl-, hexyl-, benzyl-, phenyl-, and allyl esters of2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid; (iii) methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-,pentyl-, hexyl-, benzyl-, phenyl-, and allyl esters of2-hydroxy-2-ethylbutyric acid; (iv) methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-,pentyl-, hexyl-, benzyl-, phenyl-, and allyl esters of lactic acid; and(v) methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, hexyl-, allyl-, benzyl-,and phenyl esters of glycolic acid. In some embodiments the quaternizingagent comprises methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate.

In some embodiments the quaternizing agent comprises an ester of apolycarboxylic acid. In this definition we mean to include dicarboxylicacids and carboxylic acids having more than 2 acidic moieties. In someembodiments the esters are alkyl esters with alkyl groups that containfrom 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Suitable example include diesters of oxalicacid, diesters of phthalic acid, diesters of maleic acid, diesters ofmalonic acid or diesters or triesters of citric acid.

In some embodiments the quaternizing agent is an ester of a carboxylicacid having a pKa of less than 3.5. In such embodiments in which thecompound includes more than one acid group, we mean to refer to thefirst dissociation constant. The quaternizing agent may be selected froman ester of a carboxylic acid selected from one or more of oxalic acid,phthalic acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, citric acid,nitrobenzoic acid, aminobenzoic acid and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxybenzoic acid.In some embodiments the quaternizing agent includes dimethyl oxalate, aterephthalate, such as dimethyl terephthalate, and methyl2-nitrobenzoate.

Quaternizing agents capable of coupling more than one quaternizablecompound also may be employed. By “coupling” more than one quaternizablecompounds, it is meant that at least two quaternizable compounds reactwith the same quaternizing agent to form a compound of the at least twoquaternizable compounds linked by the quaternizing agent. Suchquaternizing agents may, in some instances, also be referred to ascoupling quaternizing agents herein and can include, for example,polyepoxides, such as, for example, di-, tri-, or higher epoxides;polyhalides; epoxy-halides, aromatic polyesters, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the quaternizing agent can be a polyepoxide.Polyepoxides can include, for example, poly-glycidyls which can include,for example, di-epoxyoctane; ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; neopentylglycol digycidyl ether; 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; 3(bis(glycidyloxymethyl)-methoxy)-1,2-propanediol; 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanoldigylicidyl ether; diepoxycyclo-octane, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide; N,N-Diglycidyl-4-4glycidyloxyaniline;1,6-hexane diglycidyl ether; trimethylolpropanetriglycidyl ether;polypropyleneglycol diglycidyl ether; polyepoxidized tri-glycerides,fats or oils; and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the quaternizing agent may be derived frompolyhalides, such as, for example, chlorides, iodides or bromides. Suchpolyhalides can include, but not be limited to, 1,5-dibromopentane;1,4-diiodobutane; 1,5-dichloropentane; 1,12-dichlorododecane;1,12-dibromododecane; 1,2-diiodoethane; 1,2-dibromoethane; and mixturesthereof.

In an embodiment, the quaternizing agent can be an epoxy-halide, suchas, for example, epichlorohydrin and the like.

The quaternizing agent may also be a poly aromatic ester. Examples ofpoly aromatic esters can include, but not be limited to,4,4′-oxybis(methylbenzoate); dimethylterephthalate; and mixturesthereof.

In certain embodiments the molar ratio of the quaternizable compound toquaternizing agent is 1:0.1 to 2, or 1:1 to 1.5, or 1:1 to 1.3. In someembodiments, particularly when employing a coupling quaternizing agent,the ratio of the quaternizable compound to the quaternizing agent can befrom 2:1 to 1:1.

Any of the quaternizing agents described above, including thehydrocarbyl epoxides, may be used in combination with an acid. Suitableacids include carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid,2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like.

In some embodiments, the quaternizing agent can be employed in thepresence of a protic solvent, such as, for example, 2-ethylhexanol,water, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the quaternizingagent can be employed in the presence of an acid. In yet anotherembodiment, the quaternizing agent can be employed in the presence of anacid and a protic solvent. In some embodiments, the acid can be an acidcomponent in addition to the acid group present in the structure of theacylating agent. In further embodiments the reaction can be free of, oressentially free of, any additional acid component other than the acidgroup present in the structure of the acylating agent. By “free of” itis meant completely free, and by “essentially free” it is meant anamount that not materially affect the essential or basic and novelcharacteristics of the composition, such as, for example, less than 1%by weight.

Structure

While the process to prepare the quaternary ammonium salts can produce amixture that is not readily definable apart from the process steps,certain structural components may be expected in some circumstances.

In some embodiments the quaternary ammonium salt can comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of a cation represented by the followingformula:

wherein: R²¹ and R²² are hydrocarbyl groups containing from 1 to 10carbon atoms; R²³ is a hydrocarbylene group containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms; R²⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group containing from 20 to 55 carbonatoms, or from 25 to 50, or from 28 to 43 or 47 carbon atoms; X is agroup derived from the quaternizing agent; and Y is oxygen or nitrogen.

In some embodiments the quaternary ammonium salt can comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of a cation represented by the followingformulas:

wherein: R can be a C1 to C6 alkyl group; R1 and R2, individually, canbe a C1 to C6 hydrocarbyl group, for example a C1, C2, or C3 alkylgroup; R3, R4, R5 and R6, individual, can be hydrogen or a C1 to C6hydrocarbyl group, such as, for example, a C1, C2, or C3 alkyl group;R²⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group containing from 20 to 55 carbon atoms, orfrom 25 to 50, or from 28 to 43 or 47 carbon atoms; X1 and X2,individually, can be H or a group derived from the quaternizing agent,so long as at least one of X1 and X2 is a group derived from thequaternizing agent.

In some embodiments the quaternary ammonium salt can comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of a coupled quaternary ammonium compoundrepresented by the following formula:

wherein: Q and Q′ are the same or different and represent quaternizablecompounds, m and n are, individually, integers of between 1 and 4, andXc represents a group derived from a coupling quaternizing agent, suchas, for example, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, or bisphenol Adiglycidyl ether. Example coupled quaternary ammonium compounds caninclude, for example, any of the formulas below:

where a is an integer of from 2 to 8. An example of formula XXI where ais 2 or 3 can be represented, for example by formula XXI′ and XXI″,respectively;

Further example coupled quaternary ammonium compounds can be, forexample, as provided in formulas XXII and XXIII below:

where c and d are, individually, 0 or 1;

where c and d are, individually, 0 or 1, and where R through R²⁴ and X1,X2, and Xc in each case are as described above.

Compositions

In one embodiment, the present technology provides a compositioncomprising an amide or ester containing quaternary ammonium salt, andthe use of the composition in a fuel composition to improve watershedding of the fuel composition. In another embodiment, the presenttechnology provides a composition comprising an amide or estercontaining quaternary ammonium salt, and the use of the composition in alubricating composition with an oil of lubricating viscosity.

Fuel

The compositions of the present invention can comprise a fuel which isliquid at room temperature and is useful in fueling an engine. The fuelis normally a liquid at ambient conditions e.g., room temperature (20 to30° C.). The fuel can be a hydrocarbon fuel, a nonhydrocarbon fuel, or amixture thereof. The hydrocarbon fuel can be a petroleum distillate toinclude a gasoline as defined by EN228 or ASTM specification D4814, or adiesel fuel as defined by EN590 or ASTM specification D975. In anembodiment of the invention the fuel is a gasoline, and in otherembodiments the fuel is a leaded gasoline, or a nonleaded gasoline. Inanother embodiment of this invention the fuel is a diesel fuel. Thehydrocarbon fuel can be a hydrocarbon prepared by a gas to liquidprocess to include for example hydrocarbons prepared by a process suchas the Fischer-Tropsch process. The nonhydrocarbon fuel can be an oxygencontaining composition, often referred to as an oxygenate, to include analcohol, an ether, a ketone, an ester of a carboxylic acid, anitroalkane, or a mixture thereof. The nonhydrocarbon fuel can includefor example methanol, ethanol, methyl t-butyl ether, methyl ethylketone, transesterified oils and/or fats from plants and animals such asrapeseed methyl ester and soybean methyl ester, and nitromethane.Mixtures of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon fuels can include for examplegasoline and methanol and/or ethanol, diesel fuel and ethanol, anddiesel fuel and a transesterified plant oil such as rapeseed methylester. In an embodiment of the invention the liquid fuel is an emulsionof water in a hydrocarbon fuel, a nonhydrocarbon fuel, or a mixturethereof. In several embodiments of this invention the fuel can have asulfur content on a weight basis that is 5000 ppm or less, 1000 ppm orless, 300 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, or 10 ppm orless. In another embodiment the fuel can have a sulfur content on aweight basis of 1 to 100 ppm. In one embodiment the fuel contains 0 ppmto 1000 ppm, or 0 to 500 ppm, or 0 to 100 ppm, or 0 to 50 ppm, or 0 to25 ppm, or 0 to 10 ppm, or 0 to 5 ppm of alkali metals, alkaline earthmetals, transition metals or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment thefuel contains 1 to 10 ppm by weight of alkali metals, alkaline earthmetals, transition metals or mixtures thereof. It is well known in theart that a fuel containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals,transition metals or mixtures thereof have a greater tendency to formdeposits and therefore foul or plug common rail injectors. The fuel ofthe invention is present in a fuel composition in a major amount that isgenerally greater than 50 percent by weight, and in other embodiments ispresent at greater than 90 percent by weight, greater than 95 percent byweight, greater than 99.5 percent by weight, or greater than 99.8percent by weight.

Treat rates of the composition comprising an amide/ester containingquaternary ammonium salt with a number average molecular weight of300-750 (“amide/ester quat”) to fuel range from 5 to 1000 ppm by a totalweight of the fuel, or 5 to 500 ppm, or 10 to 250 ppm, or 10 to 150 ppm,or 15 to 100 ppm. In other embodiments the treat rate range may be from250 to 1000 ppm, or 250 to 750 ppm, or 500 to 750 ppm or 250 ppm to 500ppm.

Oil of Lubricating Viscosity

In lubricating composition embodiments, the compositions of the presentinvention can comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity. Such oilsinclude natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking,hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined, re-refined oilsor mixtures thereof. A more detailed description of unrefined, refinedand re-refined oils is provided in International PublicationWO2008/147704, paragraphs [0054] to [0056]. A more detailed descriptionof natural and synthetic lubricating oils is provided in paragraphs[0058] to [0059] respectively of WO2008/147704. Synthetic oils may alsobe produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may behydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodimentoils may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to liquid syntheticprocedure as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.

Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be selected from any of the baseoils in Groups I-V as specified in the American Petroleum Institute(API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. The five base oil groupsare as follow; Group I: >0.03% sulfur or <90% saturates and viscosityindex 80-120; Group II: <0.03% sulfur and ≧90% saturates and viscosityindex 80-120; Group III: <0.03% sulfur and ≧90% saturates and viscosityindex≧120; Group IV: all polyalphaolefins; Group V: all others. GroupsI, II and III are typically referred to as mineral oil base stocks.

Typical treat rates of the composition comprising an amide/estercontaining quaternary ammonium salt with a number average molecularweight of 300-750 (“amide/ester quat”) to lubricating oils is 0.1 to 10wt % based on a total weight of the lubricating oil, or 0.5 to 5 wt % or0.5 to 2.5 wt % or 0.5 to 1 wt % or 0.1 to 0.5 wt % or 1 to 2 wt %.

The amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present is typically thebalance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amountof the compound of the invention and the other performance additives.

The lubricating composition may be in the form of a concentrate and/orfully formulated lubricant. If the lubricating composition of theinvention (comprising the additives disclosed herein) is in the form ofa concentrate which may be combined with additional oil to from, inwhole or in part, a finished lubricant), the ratio of the of theseadditive to the oil of lubricating viscosity and/or diluent oil includethe ranged of 1:99 to 99:1 by weight, or 80:20 to 10:90 by weight.

Miscellaneous

The fuel and/or lubricant compositions of the present invention includethe amide/ester quat described above and may also include one or moreadditional additives. Such additional performance additives can be addedto any of the compositions described depending on the results desiredand the application in which the composition will be used.

Although any of the additional performance additives described hereincan be used in any of the fuel and/or lubricant compositions of theinvention, the following additional additives are particularly usefulfor fuel and/or lubricant compositions: antioxidants, corrosioninhibitors, detergent and/or dispersant additives other than thosedescribed above, cold flow improvers, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers,lubricity agents, metal deactivators, valve seat recession additives,biocides, antistatic agents, deicers, fluidizers, combustion improvers,seal swelling agents, wax control polymers, scale inhibitors,gas-hydrate inhibitors, or any combination thereof.

Demulsifiers suitable for use with the amide/ester quat of the presenttechnology can include, but not be limited to, arylsulfonates andpolyalkoxylated alcohol, such as, for example, polyethylene andpolypropylene oxide copolymers and the like. The demulsifiers can alsocomprise nitrogen containing compounds such as oxazoline and imidazolinecompounds and fatty amines, as well as Mannich compounds. Mannichcompounds are the reaction products of alkylphenols and aldehydes(especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially amine condensates andpolyalkylenepolyamines). The materials described in the following U.S.patents are illustrative: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003; 3,236,770;3,414,347; 3,448,047; 3,461,172; 3,539,633; 3,586,629; 3,591,598;3,634,515; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; and 3,980,569 herein incorporated byreference. Other suitable demulsifiers are, for example, the alkalimetal or alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl-substituted phenol- andnaphthalenesulfonates and the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal saltsof fatty acids, and also neutral compounds such as alcohol alkoxylates,e.g. alcohol ethoxylates, phenol alkoxylates, e.g. tert-butylphenolethoxylate or tert-pentylphenol ethoxylate, fatty acids, alkylphenols,condensation products of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO),for example including in the form of EO/PO block copolymers,polyethyleneimines or else polysiloxanes. Any of the commerciallyavailable demulsifiers may be employed, suitably in an amount sufficientto provide a treat level of from 5 to 50 ppm in the fuel. In anembodiment there is no demulsifier present in the fuel and/or lubricantcomposition. The demulsifiers may be used alone or in combination. Somedemulsifiers are commercially available, for example from Nalco or BakerHughes.

Suitable antioxidants include for example hindered phenols orderivatives thereof and/or diarylamines or derivatives thereof. Suitabledetergent/dispersant additives include for example polyetheramines ornitrogen containing detergents, including but not limited to PIB aminedetergents/dispersants, succinimide detergents/dispersants, and otherquaternary salt detergents/dispersants includingpolyisobutylsuccinimide-derived quaternized PIB/amine and/or amidedispersants/detergents. Suitable cold flow improvers include for exampleesterified copolymers of maleic anhydride and styrene and/or copolymersof ethylene and vinyl acetate. Suitable lubricity improvers or frictionmodifiers are based typically on fatty acids or fatty acid esters.Typical examples are tall oil fatty acid, as described, for example, inWO 98/004656, and glyceryl monooleate. The reaction products, describedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,266 B2, of natural or synthetic oils, for exampletriglycerides, and alkanolamines are also suitable as such lubricityimprovers. Additional examples include commercial tall oil fatty acidscontaining polycyclic hydrocarbons and/or rosin acids. Suitable metaldeactivators include for example aromatic triazoles or derivativesthereof, including but not limited to benzotriazole. Other suitablemetal deactivators are, for example, salicylic acid derivatives such asN,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine. Suitable valve seat recessionadditives include for example alkali metal sulfosuccinate salts.Suitable foam inhibitors and/or antifoams include for example organicsilicones such as polydimethyl siloxane, polyethylsiloxane,polydiethylsiloxane, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates,trimethyl-triflouro-propylmethyl siloxane and the like. Suitablefluidizers include for example mineral oils and/or poly(alpha-olefins)and/or polyethers. Combustion improvers include for example octane andcetane improvers. Suitable cetane number improvers are, for example,aliphatic nitrates such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and cyclohexyl nitrateand peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide.

The additional performance additives, which may be present in the fueland/or lubricant compositions of the invention, also include di-ester,di-amide, ester-amide, and ester-imide friction modifiers prepared byreacting an α-hydroxy acid with an amine and/or alcohol optionally inthe presence of a known esterification catalyst. Examples of α-hydroxyacids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, α-hydroxy dicarboxylic acid(such as tartaric acid) and/or an α-hydroxy tricarboxylic acid (such ascitric acid), with an amine and/or alcohol, optionally in the presenceof a known esterification catalyst. These friction modifiers, oftenderived from tartaric acid, citric acid, or derivatives thereof, may bederived from amines and/or alcohols that are branched, resulting infriction modifiers that themselves have significant amounts of branchedhydrocarbyl groups present within it structure. Examples of suitablebranched alcohols used to prepare such friction modifiers include2-ethylhexanol, isotridecanol, Guerbet alcohols, and mixtures thereof.

Friction modifiers may be present at 0 to 6 wt % or 0.001 to 4 wt %, or0.01 to 2 wt % or 0.05 to 3 wt % or 0.1 to 2 wt % or 0.1 to 1 wt % or0.001 to 0.01 wt %.

The additional performance additives may comprise a detergent/dispersantcomprising a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent. The acylatingagent may be, for example, a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid, orthe condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid withan amine or an alcohol; that is, a hydrocarbyl substituted succinimideor hydrocarbyl substituted succinate. In an embodiment, thedetergent/dispersant may be a polyisobutenyl substituted succinic acid,amide or ester, wherein the polyisobutenyl substituent has a numberaverage molecular weight of 100 to 5000. In some embodiments, thedetergent may be a C6 to C18 substituted succinic acid, amide or ester.A more thorough description of the hydrocarbyl substituted acylatingagent detergents can be found from paragraph [0017] to [0036] of U.S.Publication 2011/0219674, published Sep. 15, 2011.

In one embodiment, the additional detergent/dispersant may be quaternaryammoniums salts other than that of the present technology. Theadditional quaternary ammoniums salts can be quaternary ammoniums saltsprepared from hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agents, such as, forexample, polyisobutyl succinic acids or anhydrides, having a hydrocarbylsubstituent with a number average molecular weight of greater than 1200M_(n), polyisobutyl succinic acids or anhydrides, having a hydrocarbylsubstituent with a number average molecular weight of 300 to 750, orpolyisobutyl succinic acids anhydrides, having a hydrocarbyl substituentwith a number average molecular weight of 1000 M_(n).

In an embodiment, the additional quaternary ammonium salts prepared fromthe reaction of nitrogen containing compound and a hydrocarbylsubstituted acylating agent having a hydrocarbyl substituent with anumber average molecular weight of 1300 to 3000 is an amide or ester. Inan embodiment, the quaternary ammonium salts prepared from the reactionof nitrogen containing compound and a hydrocarbyl substituted acylatingagent having a hydrocarbyl substituent with a number average molecularweight of greater than 1200 M_(n) or having a hydrocarbyl substituentwith a number average molecular weight of 300 to 750 is an imide.

In yet another embodiment the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agentcan include a mono-, dimer or trimer carboxylic acid with 8 to 54 carbonatoms and is reactive with primary or secondary amines. Suitable acidsinclude, but are not limited to, the mono, dimer, or trimer acids ofcaprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,stearic, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid,myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidicacid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α-linolenic acid,arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, anddocosahexaenoic acid.

In an embodiment the nitrogen containing compound of the additionalquaternary ammonium salts is an imidazole or nitrogen containingcompound of either of formulas.

wherein R may be a C₁ to C₆ alkylene group; each of R₁ and R₂,individually, may be a C₁ to C₆ hydrocarbylene group; and each of R₃,R₄, R₅, and R₆, individually, may be a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆hydrocarbyl group.

In other embodiments, the quaternizing agent used to prepare theadditional quaternary ammonium salts can be a dialkyl sulfate, an alkylhalide, a hydrocarbyl substituted carbonate, a hydrocarbyl epoxide, acarboxylate, alkyl esters, or mixtures thereof. In some cases thequaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide. In some cases thequaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with anacid. In some cases the quaternizing agent can be a salicylate, oxalateor terephthalate. In an embodiment the hydrocarbyl epoxide is an alcoholfunctionalized epoxides or C₄ to C₁₄ epoxides. In another embodiment,the epoxide may be a C₄ to C₂₀ epoxide.

In some embodiments, the quaternizing agent is multi-functionalresulting in the additional quaternary ammonium salts being a coupledquaternary ammoniums salts.

Additional quaternary ammonium salts include, but are not limited toquaternary ammonium salts having a hydrophobic moiety in the anion.Exemplary compounds include quaternary ammonium compounds having theformula below:

wherein R⁰, R¹, R² and R³ is each individually an optionally substitutedalkyl, alkenyl or aryl group and R includes an optionally substitutedhydrocarbyl moiety having at least 5 carbon atoms.

Additional quaternary ammonium salts may also include polyetheraminesthat are the reaction products of a polyether-substituted aminecomprising at least one tertiary quaternizable amino group and aquaternizing agent that converts the tertiary amino group to aquaternary ammonium group.

Dispersants can also be post-treated by reaction with any of a varietyof agents. Among these are urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles,carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids,hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, boroncompounds, and phosphorus compounds. References detailing such treatmentare listed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,403.

The fuel and/or lubricant compositions of the invention may include adetergent additive different from the amide/ester quat technology. Mostconventional detergents used in the field of engine lubrication obtainmost or all of their basicity or TBN from the presence of basicmetal-containing compounds (metal hydroxides, oxides, or carbonates,typically based on such metals as calcium, magnesium, or sodium). Suchmetallic overbased detergents, also referred to as overbased orsuperbased salts, are generally single phase, homogeneous Newtoniansystems characterized by a metal content in excess of that which wouldbe present for neutralization according to the stoichiometry of themetal and the particular acidic organic compound reacted with the metal.The overbased materials are typically prepared by reacting an acidicmaterial (typically an inorganic acid or lower carboxylic acid such ascarbon dioxide) with a mixture of an acidic organic compound (alsoreferred to as a substrate), a stoichiometric excess of a metal base,typically in a reaction medium of an one inert, organic solvent (e.g.,mineral oil, naphtha, toluene, xylene) for the acidic organic substrate.Typically also a small amount of promoter such as a phenol or alcohol ispresent, and in some cases a small amount of water. The acidic organicsubstrate will normally have a sufficient number of carbon atoms toprovide a degree of solubility in oil.

Such conventional overbased materials and their methods of preparationare well known to those skilled in the art. Patents describingtechniques for making basic metallic salts of sulfonic acids, carboxylicacids, phenols, phosphonic acids, and mixtures of any two or more ofthese include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,501,731; 2,616,905; 2,616,911; 2,616,925;2,777,874; 3,256,186; 3,384,585; 3,365,396; 3,320,162; 3,318,809;3,488,284; and 3,629,109. Salixarate detergents are described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,200,936. In certain embodiments, the detergent may contain ametal-containing salicylate detergent, such as an overbased calciumhydrocarbyl-substituted salicylate detergent and are described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,688,751 and 4,627,928.

Viscosity improvers (also sometimes referred to as viscosity indeximprovers or viscosity modifiers) may be included in the fuel and/orlubricant compositions of this invention. Viscosity improvers areusually polymers, including polyisobutenes, polymethacrylates (PMA) andpolymethacrylic acid esters, hydrogenated diene polymers,polyalkylstyrenes, esterified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers,hydrogenated alkenylarene-conjugated diene copolymers and polyolefins.PMA's are prepared from mixtures of methacrylate monomers havingdifferent alkyl groups. The alkyl groups may be either straight chain orbranched chain groups containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Most PMA'sare viscosity modifiers as well as pour point depressants.

Multifunctional viscosity improvers, which also have dispersant and/orantioxidancy properties are known and may optionally be used in the fueland/or lubricant compositions. Dispersant viscosity modifiers (DVM) areone example of such multifunctional additives. DVM are typicallyprepared by copolymerizing a small amount of a nitrogen-containingmonomer with alkyl methacrylates, resulting in an additive with somecombination of dispersancy, viscosity modification, pour pointdepressancy and dispersancy. Vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl pyrrolidone andN,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate are examples of nitrogen-containingmonomers. Polyacrylates obtained from the polymerization orcopolymerization of one or more alkyl acrylates also are useful asviscosity modifiers.

Anti-wear agents may be used in the fuel and/or lubricant compositionsprovide herein. Anti-wear agents can in some embodiments includephosphorus-containing antiwear/extreme pressure agents such as metalthiophosphates, phosphoric acid esters and salts thereof,phosphorus-containing carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, and amides; andphosphites. In certain embodiments a phosphorus antiwear agent may bepresent in an amount to deliver 0.01 to 0.2 or 0.015 to 0.15 or 0.02 to0.1 or 0.025 to 0.08 percent by weight phosphorus. Often the antiwearagent is a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDP). For a typical ZDP, whichmay contain 11 percent P (calculated on an oil free basis), suitableamounts may include 0.09 to 0.82 percent by weight.Non-phosphorus-containing anti-wear agents include borate esters(including borated epoxides), dithiocarbamate compounds,molybdenum-containing compounds, and sulfurized olefins. In someembodiments the fuel and/or lubricant compositions of the invention arefree of phosphorus-containing antiwear/extreme pressure agents.

Foam inhibitors that may be useful in fuel and/or lubricant compositionsof the invention include polysiloxanes, copolymers of ethyl acrylate and2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiersincluding fluorinated polysiloxanes, trialkyl phosphates, polyethyleneglycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethyleneoxide-propylene oxide) polymers. The disclosed technology may also beused with a silicone-containing antifoam agent in combination with aC₅-C₁₇ alcohol.

Pour point depressants that may be useful in fuel and/or lubricantcompositions of the invention include polyalphaolefins, esters of maleicanhydride-styrene copolymers, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates orpolyacrylamides.

Metal deactivators may be chosen from a derivative of benzotriazole(typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazole, benzimidazole,2-alkyldithiobenzimidazole or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazole,1-amino-2-propanol, a derivative of dimercaptothiadiazole, octylamineoctanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydrideand/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. The metaldeactivators may also be described as corrosion inhibitors.

Seal swell agents include sulpholene derivatives Exxon Necton-37™ (FN1380) and Exxon Mineral Seal Oil™ (FN 3200).

Fuel Compositions

In some embodiments the technology provides fuel compositions. In someembodiments, the fuel compositions comprise a majority (>50 wt %) ofgasoline or a middle distillate fuel. In an embodiment, there isprovided a fuel composition comprising a majority of a diesel fuel.

In a yet another embodiment, the fuel composition comprises theamide/ester quat of the disclosed technology as described above and atleast one demulsifier. Demulsifiers suitable for use with the quaternaryammonium salts of the present technology can include, but not be limitedto arylsulfonates and polyalkoxylated alcohol, such as, for example,polyethylene and polypropylene oxide copolymers and the like. Thedemulsifiers can also comprise nitrogen containing compounds such asoxazoline and imidazoline compounds and fatty amines, as well as Mannichcompounds. Mannich compounds are the reaction products of alkylphenolsand aldehydes (especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially aminecondensates and polyalkylenepolyamines). The materials described in thefollowing U.S. patents are illustrative: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003;3,236,770; 3,414,347; 3,448,047; 3,461,172; 3,539,633; 3,586,629;3,591,598; 3,634,515; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; and 3,980,569 hereinincorporated by reference. Other suitable demulsifiers are, for example,the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl-substitutedphenol- and naphthalenesulfonates and the alkali metal or alkaline earthmetal salts of fatty acids, and also neutral compounds such as alcoholalkoxylates, e.g. alcohol ethoxylates, phenol alkoxylates, e.g.tert-butylphenol ethoxylate or tert-pentylphenol ethoxylate, fattyacids, alkylphenols, condensation products of ethylene oxide (EO) andpropylene oxide (PO), for example including in the form of EO/PO blockcopolymers, polyethyleneimines or else polysiloxanes. Any of thecommercially available demulsifiers may be employed, suitably in anamount sufficient to provide a treat level of from 5 to 50 ppm in thefuel. In one embodiment the fuel composition of the invention does notcomprise a demulsifier. The demulsifiers may be used alone or incombination. Some demulsifiers are commercially available, for examplefrom Nalco or Baker Hughes. Typical treat rates of the demulsifiers to afuel may range from 0 to 50 ppm by total weight of the fuel, or 5 to 50ppm, or 5 to 25 ppm, or 5 to 20 ppm.

The disclosed technology may also be used with demulsifiers comprising ahydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid in the form of the free acid,or in the form of the anhydride which may be an intramolecularanhydride, such as succinic, glutaric, or phthalic anhydride, or anintermolecular anhydride linking two dicarboxylic acid moleculestogether. The hydrocarbyl substituent may have from 12 to 2000 carbonatoms and may include polyisobutenyl substituents having a numberaverage molecular weight of 300 to 2800. Exemplaryhydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limitedto, hydrocarbyl-substituted acids derived from malonic, succinic,glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, undecanedioic,dodecanedioic, phthalic, isophthalic, terphthalic, o-, m-, orp-phenylene diacetic, maleic, fumaric, or glutaconic acids.

In another embodiment, a fuel composition comprises the amide/ester quatof the disclosed technology and an additional detergent/dispersant.Customary detergent/dispersant additives are preferably amphiphilicsubstances which possess at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radicalwith a number average molecular weight of 100 to 10000 and at least onepolar moiety selected from (i) Mono- or polyamino groups having up to 6nitrogen atoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties; (ii)Hydroxyl groups in combination with mono or polyamino groups, at leastone nitrogen atoms having basic properties; (iii) Carboxyl groups ortheir alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts; (iv) Sulfonic acidgroups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts; (v)Polyoxy-C₂ to C₄ alkylene moieties terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono-or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties,or by carbamate groups; (vi) Carboxylic ester groups; (vii) Moietiesderived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyl and/or amino and/oramido and/or imido groups; and/or (viii) Moieties obtained by Mannichreaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines.

The hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergent/dispersantadditives which ensures the adequate solubility in the fuel, has anumber average molecular weight (M_(n)) of 85 to 20,000, of 1113 to10,000, or of 300 to 5000. In yet another embodiment, thedetergent/dispersant additives have a M_(n) of 300 to 3000, of 500 to2500, of 700 to 2500, or 800 to 1500. Typical hydrophobic hydrocarbonradicals, may be polypropenyl, polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals,with a number average molecular weight M_(n), of 300 to 5000, of 300 to3000, of 500 to 2500, or 700 to 2500. In one embodiment thedetergent/dispersant additives have a M_(n) of 800 to 1500.

The additional performance additives may comprise a high TBN nitrogencontaining detergent/dispersant, such as a succinimide, that is thecondensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridewith a poly(alkyleneamine). Succinimide detergents/dispersants are morefully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435 and 3,172,892. Another classof ashless dispersant is high molecular weight esters, prepared byreaction of a hydrocarbyl acylating agent and a polyhydric aliphaticalcohol such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or sorbitol. Such materialsare described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,381,022.

Nitrogen-containing detergents may be the reaction products of acarboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine. The acylatingagent can vary from formic acid and its acylating derivatives toacylating agents having high molecular weight aliphatic substituents ofup to 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 carbon atoms. The amino compounds can varyfrom ammonia itself to amines typically having aliphatic substituents ofup to 30 carbon atoms, and up to 11 nitrogen atoms. Acylated aminocompounds suitable for use in the present invention may be those formedby the reaction of an acylating agent having a hydrocarbyl substituentof at least 8 carbon atoms and a compound comprising at least oneprimary or secondary amine group. The acylating agent may be a mono- orpolycarboxylic acid (or reactive equivalent thereof) for example asubstituted succinic, phthalic or propionic acid and the amino compoundmay be a polyamine or a mixture of polyamines, for example a mixture ofethylene polyamines. Alternatively the amine may be ahydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamine. The hydrocarbyl substituent in suchacylating agents may comprise at least 10 carbon atoms. In oneembodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituent may comprise at least 12, forexample 30 or 50 carbon atoms. In yet another embodiment, it maycomprise up to 200 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbyl substituent of theacylating agent may have a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of170 to 2800, for example from 250 to 1500. In other embodiments, thesubstituent's M_(n) may range from 500 to 1500, or alternatively from500 to 1100. In yet another embodiment, the substituent's M_(n) mayrange from 700 to 1300. In another embodiment, the hydrocarbylsubstituent may have a number average molecular weight of 700 to 1000,or 700 to 850, or, for example, 750.

Another class of ashless dispersant is Mannich bases. These arematerials which are formed by the condensation of a higher molecularweight, alkyl substituted phenol, an alkylene polyamine, and an aldehydesuch as formaldehyde and are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No.3,634,515.

A useful nitrogen containing dispersant includes the product of aMannich reaction between (a) an aldehyde, (b) a polyamine, and (c) anoptionally substituted phenol. The phenol may be substituted such thatthe Mannich product has a molecular weight of less than 7500.Optionally, the molecular weight may be less than 2000, less than 1500,less than 1300, or for example, less than 1200, less than 1100, lessthan 1000. In some embodiments, the Mannich product has a molecularweight of less than 900, less than 850, or less than 800, less than 500,or less than 400. The substituted phenol may be substituted with up to 4groups on the aromatic ring. For example it may be a tri ordi-substituted phenol. In some embodiments, the phenol may be amono-substituted phenol. The substitution may be at the ortho, and/ormeta, and/or para position(s). To form the Mannich product, the molarratio of the aldehyde to amine is from 4:1 to 1:1 or, from 2:1 to 1:1.The molar ratio of the aldehyde to phenol may be at least 0.75:1; suchas from 0.75 to 1 to 4:1, or 1:1 to 4:1 or from 1:1 to 2:1. The molarratio of the phenol to amine may be at least 1.5:1, at least 1.6:1, atleast 1.7:1, for example, at least 1.8:1, or at least 1.9:1. The molarratio of phenol to amine may be up to 5:1; for example it may be up to4:1, or up to 3.5:1. Suitably it is up to 3.25:1, up to 3:1, up to2.5:1, up to 2.3:1 or up to 2.1:1.

Other dispersants include polymeric dispersant additives, which aregenerally hydrocarbon-based polymers which contain polar functionalityto impart dispersancy characteristics to the polymer. An amine istypically employed in preparing the high TBN nitrogen-containingdispersant. One or more poly(alkyleneamine)s may be used, and these maycomprise one or more poly(ethyleneamine)s having 3 to 5 ethylene unitsand 4 to 6 nitrogen units. Such materials include triethylenetetramine(TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA).Such materials are typically commercially available as mixtures ofvarious isomers containing a range number of ethylene units and nitrogenatoms, as well as a variety of isomeric structures, including variouscyclic structures. The poly(alkyleneamine) may likewise compriserelatively higher molecular weight amines known in the industry asethylene amine still bottoms.

In an embodiment, the fuel composition can additionally comprisequaternary ammonium salts other than the amide/ester quat describedherein. The other quaternary ammonium salts can comprise (a) a compoundcomprising (i) at least one tertiary amino group as described above, and(ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituent having a number average molecular weightof 100 to 5000, or 250 to 4000, or 100 to 4000 or 100 to 2500 or 3000;and (b) a quaternizing agent suitable for converting the tertiary aminogroup of (a)(i) to a quaternary nitrogen, as described above. The otherquaternary ammonium salts are more thoroughly described in U.S. Pat. No.7,951,211, issued May 31, 2011, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,083,814, issued Dec.27, 2011, and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0118062, published May 16,2013, 2012/0010112, published Jan. 12, 2012, 2013/0133243, published May30, 2013, 2008/0113890, published May 15, 2008, and 2011/0219674,published Sep. 15, 2011, US 2012/0149617 published May 14, 2012, US2013/0225463 published Aug. 29, 2013, US 2011/0258917 published Oct. 27,2011, US 2011/0315107 published Dec. 29, 2011, US 2013/0074794 publishedMar. 28, 2013, US 2012/0255512 published Oct. 11, 2012, US 2013/0333649published Dec. 19, 2013, US 2013/0118062 published May 16, 2013, andinternational publications WO Publication Nos. 2011/141731, publishedNov. 17, 2011, 2011/095819, published Aug. 11, 2011, and 2013/017886,published Feb. 7, 2013, WO 2013/070503 published May 16, 2013, WO2011/110860 published Sep. 15, 2011, WO 2013/017889 published Feb. 7,2013, WO 2013/017884 published Feb. 7, 2013.

The additional quaternary ammoniums salts other than the invention canbe quaternary ammoniums salts prepared from hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agents, such as, for example, polyisobutyl succinic acids oranhydrides, having a hydrocarbyl substituent with a number averagemolecular weight of greater than 1200 M_(n), polyisobutyl succinic acidsor anhydrides, having a hydrocarbyl substituent with a number averagemolecular weight of 300 to 750, or polyisobutyl succinic acids oranhydrides, having a hydrocarbyl substituent with a number averagemolecular weight of 1000 M_(n).

In an embodiment, the fuel composition comprising the quaternaryammonium salts of this invention can further comprise additionalquaternary ammonium salts. The additional salts may be prepared from thereaction of a nitrogen containing compound and a hydrocarbyl substitutedacylating agent having a hydrocarbyl substituent with a number averagemolecular weight of 1300 to 3000 is an amide or ester. In an embodiment,the quaternary ammonium salts prepared from the reaction of nitrogencontaining compound and a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent havinga hydrocarbyl substituent with a number average molecular weight ofgreater than 1200 M_(n) or, having a hydrocarbyl substituent with anumber average molecular weight of 300 to 750 is an imide.

The hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent may also be a copolymerformed by copolymerizing at least one monomer that is an ethylenicallyunsaturated hydrocarbon having 2 to 100 carbon atoms. The monomer may belinear, branched, or cyclic. The monomer may have oxygen or nitrogensubstituents, but will not react with amines or alcohols. The monomermay be reacted with a second monomer that is a carboxylic acid orcarboxylic acid derivative having 3 to 12 carbon atoms. The secondmonomer may have one or two carboxylic acid functional groups and isreactive with amines or alcohols. When made using this process, thehydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent copolymer has a number averagemolecular weight M_(n) of 500 to 20,000.

Alternatively, the hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent may be aterpolymer that is the reaction product of ethylene and at least onemonomer that is an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having at least onetertiary nitrogen atom, with (i) an alkenyl ester of one or morealiphatic monocarboxylic acids having 1 to 24 carbon atoms or (ii) analkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid.

In an embodiment the nitrogen containing compound of the additionalquaternary ammonium salts is an imidazole or nitrogen containingcompound of either of formulas.

wherein R may be a C₁ to C₆ alkylene group; each of R₁ and R₂,individually, may be a C₁ to C₆ hydrocarbylene group; and each of R₃,R₄, R₅, and R₆, individually, may be a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆hydrocarbyl group.

In other embodiments, the quaternizing agent used to prepare theadditional quaternary ammonium salts can be a dialkyl sulfate, an alkylhalide, a hydrocarbyl substituted carbonate, a hydrocarbyl epoxide, acarboxylate, alkyl esters, or mixtures thereof. In some cases thequaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide. In some cases thequaternizing agent can be a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with anacid. In some cases the quaternizing agent can be a salicylate, oxalateor terephthalate. In an embodiment the hydrocarbyl epoxide is an alcoholfunctionalized epoxides or C₄ to C₁₄ epoxides, or C₄ or C₂₀ epoxides.

In some embodiments, the quaternizing agent is multi-functionalresulting in the additional quaternary ammonium salts being a coupledquaternary ammoniums salts.

Typical treat rates of additional detergents/dispersants to a fuel ofthe invention is 0 to 500 ppm, or 0 to 250 ppm, or 0 to 100 ppm, or 5 to250 ppm, or 5 to 100 ppm, or 10 to 100 ppm.

In a particular embodiment, a fuel composition comprises the amide/esterquat of the present technology and a cold flow improver. The cold flowimprover is typically selected from (1) copolymers of a C₂- toC₄₀-olefin with at least one further ethylenically unsaturated monomer;(2) comb polymers; (3) polyoxyalkylenes; (4) polar nitrogen compounds;(5) sulfocarboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof; and(6) poly(meth)acrylic esters.

It is possible to use either mixtures of different representatives fromone of the particular classes (1) to (6) or mixtures of representativesfrom different classes (1) to (6).

Suitable C₂- to C₄₀-olefin monomers for the copolymers of class (1) are,for example, those having 2 to 20 and especially 2 to 10 carbon atoms,and 1 to 3 and preferably 1 or 2 carbon-carbon double bonds, especiallyhaving one carbon-carbon double bond. In the latter case, thecarbon-carbon double bond may be arranged either terminally (α-olefins)or internally. However, preference is given to α-olefins, morepreferably α-olefins having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example propene,1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene and in particular ethylene. The at leastone further ethylenically unsaturated monomer of class (1) is preferablyselected from alkenyl carboxylates; for example, C₂- to C₁₄-alkenylesters, for example the vinyl and propenyl esters, of carboxylic acidshaving 2 to 21 carbon atoms, whose hydrocarbon radical may be linear orbranched among these, preference is given to the vinyl esters, examplesof suitable alkenyl carboxylates are vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate,vinyl butyrate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neopentanoate, vinylhexanoate, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate and the correspondingpropenyl esters, (meth)acrylic esters; for example, esters of(meth)acrylic acid with C₁- to C₂₀-alkanols, especially C₁- toC₁₀-alkanols, in particular with methanol, ethanol, propanol,isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, pentanol,hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol and decanol, andstructural isomers thereof and further olefins; preferably higher inmolecular weight than the abovementioned C₂- to C₄₀-olefin base monomerfor example, the olefin base monomer used is ethylene or propene,suitable further olefins are in particular C₁₀- to C₄₀-α-olefins.

Suitable copolymers of class (1) are also those which comprise two ormore different alkenyl carboxylates in copolymerized form, which differin the alkenyl function and/or in the carboxylic acid group. Likewisesuitable are copolymers which, as well as the alkenyl carboxylate(s),comprise at least one olefin and/or at least one (meth)acrylic ester incopolymerized form.

Terpolymers of a C₂- to C₄₀-α-olefin, a C₁- to C₂₀-alkyl ester of anethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having 3 to 15 carbonatoms and a C₂- to C₁₄-alkenyl ester of a saturated monocarboxylic acidhaving 2 to 21 carbon atoms are also suitable as copolymers of class(K1). Terpolymers of this kind are described in WO 2005/054314. Atypical terpolymer of this kind is formed from ethylene, 2-ethylhexylacrylate and vinyl acetate.

The at least one or the further ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) arecopolymerized in the copolymers of class (1) in an amount of preferably1 to 50% by weight, especially 10 to 45% by weight and in particular 20to 40% by weight, based on the overall copolymer. The main proportion interms of weight of the monomer units in the copolymers of class (1)therefore originates generally from the C₂ to C₄₀ base olefins. Thecopolymers of class (1) may have a number average molecular weight M_(n)of 1000 to 20,000, or 1000 to 10,000 or 1000 to 8000.

Typical comb polymers of component (2) are, for example, obtainable bythe copolymerization of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid with anotherethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example with an a-olefin or anunsaturated ester, such as vinyl acetate, and subsequent esterificationof the anhydride or acid function with an alcohol having at least 10carbon atoms. Further suitable comb polymers are copolymers of α-olefinsand esterified comonomers, for example esterified copolymers of styreneand maleic anhydride or esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaricacid. Suitable comb polymers may also be polyfumarates or polymaleates.Homo- and copolymers of vinyl ethers are also suitable comb polymers.Comb polymers suitable as components of class (2) are, for example, alsothose described in WO 2004/035715 and in “Comb-Like Polymers. Structureand Properties”, N. A. Platé and V. P. Shibaev, J. Poly. Sci.Macromolecular Revs. 8, pages 117 to 253 (1974). Mixtures of combpolymers are also suitable.

Polyoxyalkylenes suitable as components of class (3) are, for example,polyoxyalkylene esters, polyoxyalkylene ethers, mixed polyoxyalkyleneester/ethers and mixtures thereof. These polyoxyalkylene compoundspreferably comprise at least one linear alkyl group, preferably at leasttwo linear alkyl groups, each having 10 to 30 carbon atoms and apolyoxyalkylene group having a number average molecular weight of up to5000. Such polyoxyalkylene compounds are described, for example, in EP-A061 895 and also in U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,455. Particular polyoxyalkylenecompounds are based on polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycolshaving a number average molecular weight of 100 to 5000. Additionallysuitable are polyoxyalkylene mono- and diesters of fatty acids having 10to 30 carbon atoms, such as stearic acid or behenic acid.

Polar nitrogen compounds suitable as components of class (4) may beeither ionic or nonionic and may have at least one substituent, or atleast two substituents, in the form of a tertiary nitrogen atom of thegeneral formula >NR⁷ in which R⁷ is a C₈- to C₄₀-hydrocarbon radical.The nitrogen substituents may also be quaternized i.e. be in cationicform. An example of such nitrogen compounds is that of ammonium saltsand/or amides which are obtainable by the reaction of at least one aminesubstituted by at least one hydrocarbon radical with a carboxylic acidhaving 1 to 4 carboxyl groups or with a suitable derivative thereof. Theamines may comprise at least one linear C₈- to C₄₀-alkyl radical.Primary amines suitable for preparing the polar nitrogen compoundsmentioned are, for example, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine,undecylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and the higher linearhomologs. Secondary amines suitable for this purpose are, for example,dioctadecylamine and methylbehenylamine. Also suitable for this purposeare amine mixtures, in particular amine mixtures obtainable on theindustrial scale, such as fatty amines or hydrogenated tallamines, asdescribed, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry, 6th Edition, “Amines, aliphatic” chapter. Acids suitable forthe reaction are, for example, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid,terephthalic acid, and succinic acids substituted by long-chainhydrocarbon radicals.

Sulfocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof which aresuitable as cold flow improvers of class (5) are, for example, theoil-soluble carboxamides and carboxylic esters of ortho-sulfobenzoicacid, in which the sulfonic acid function is present as a sulfonate withalkyl-substituted ammonium cations, as described in EP-A 261 957.

Poly(meth)acrylic esters suitable as cold flow improvers of class (6)are either homo- or copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters.Preference is given to copolymers of at least two different(meth)acrylic esters which differ with regard to the esterified alcohol.The copolymer optionally comprises another different olefinicallyunsaturated monomer in copolymerized form. The weight-average molecularweight of the polymer is preferably 50,000 to 500,000. The polymer maybe a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methacrylic esters of saturatedC₁₄ and C₁₅ alcohols, the acid groups having been neutralized withhydrogenated tallamine. Suitable poly(meth)acrylic esters are described,for example, in WO 00/44857.

The cold flow improver or the mixture of different cold flow improversis added to the middle distillate fuel or diesel fuel in a total amountof preferably 0 to 5000 ppm by weight, or 10 to 5000 ppm by weight, or20 to 2000 ppm by weight, or 50 to 1000 ppm by weight, or 100 to 700 ppmby weight, for example of 200 to 500 ppm by weight.

Engine Oil Lubricants

In different embodiments the technology provides engine oil lubricatingcompositions that can be employed in internal combustion engines. Theinternal combustion engine may be spark ignition or compressionignition. The internal combustion engine may be a 2-stroke or 4-strokeengine. The internal combustion engine may be a passenger car engine, alight duty diesel engine, a heavy duty diesel engine, a motorcycleengine, or a 2-stroke or 4-stroke marine diesel engine. Typically theinternal combustion engine may be a passenger car engine, or a heavyduty diesel internal combustion engine.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition of the inventioncomprises in addition to the quaternary ammonium salts of the presenttechnology an overbased metal-containing detergent, or mixtures thereof.

Overbased detergents are known in the art. Overbased materials,otherwise referred to as overbased or superbased salts, are generallysingle phase, homogeneous systems characterized by a metal content inexcess of that which would be present for neutralization according tothe stoichiometry of the metal and the particular acidic organiccompound reacted with the metal. The overbased materials are prepared byreacting an acidic material (typically an inorganic acid or lowercarboxylic acid, typically carbon dioxide) with a mixture comprising anacidic organic compound, a reaction medium comprising at least oneinert, organic solvent (mineral oil, naphtha, toluene, xylene, etc.) forsaid acidic organic material, a stoichiometric excess of a metal base,and a promoter such as a calcium chloride, acetic acid, phenol oralcohol. The acidic organic material will normally have a sufficientnumber of carbon atoms to provide a degree of solubility in oil. Theamount of “excess” metal (stoichiometrically) is commonly expressed interms of metal ratio. The term “metal ratio” is the ratio of the totalequivalents of the metal to the equivalents of the acidic organiccompound. A neutral metal salt has a metal ratio of one. A salt having4.5 times as much metal as present in a normal salt will have metalexcess of 3.5 equivalents, or a ratio of 4.5. The term “metal ratio isalso explained in standard textbook entitled “Chemistry and Technologyof Lubricants”, Third Edition, Edited by R. M. Mortier and S. T.Orszulik, Copyright 2010, page 219, sub-heading 7.25.

The overbased metal-containing detergent may be chosen fromnon-sulfur-containing phenates, sulfur-containing phenates, sulfonates,salixarates, salicylates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof, or boratedequivalents thereof. The overbased detergent may be borated with aborating agent such as boric acid. The overbased detergent may benon-sulfur containing phenates, sulfur containing phenates, sulfonates,or mixtures thereof.

An engine oil lubricant may further comprise an overbased sulfonatedetergent present at 0.01 wt % to 0.9 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 0.8 wt %, or0.1 wt % to 0.7 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.6 wt %. The overbased sulfonatedetergent may have a metal ratio of 12 to less than 20, or 12 to 18, or20 to 30, or 22 to 25.

An engine oil lubricant composition may also include one or moredetergents in addition to the overbased sulfonate.

Overbased sulfonates typically have a total base number of 250 to 600,or 300 to 500 (on an oil free basis). Overbased detergents are known inthe art. In one embodiment the sulfonate detergent may be apredominantly linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent having a metalratio of at least 8 as is described in paragraphs [0026] to [0037] of USPatent Application 2005065045 (and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,919).Linear alkyl benzenes may have the benzene ring attached anywhere on thelinear chain, usually at the 2, 3, or 4 position, or mixtures thereof.The predominantly linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent may beparticularly useful for assisting in improving fuel economy. In oneembodiment the sulfonate detergent may be a metal salt of one or moreoil-soluble alkyl toluene sulfonate compounds as disclosed in paragraphs[0046] to [0053] of US Patent Application 2008/0119378.

In one embodiment the overbased sulfonate detergent comprises anoverbased calcium sulfonate. The calcium sulfonate detergent may have ametal ratio of 18 to 40 and a TBN of 300 to 500, or 325 to 425.

The other detergents may have a metal of the metal-containing detergentmay also include “hybrid” detergents formed with mixed surfactantsystems including phenate and/or sulfonate components, e.g.,phenate/salicylates, sulfonate/phenates, sulfonate/salicylates,sulfonates/phenates/salicylates, as described; for example, in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,429,178; 6,429,179; 6,153,565; and 6,281,179. Where, for example,a hybrid sulfonate/phenate detergent is employed, the hybrid detergentwould be considered equivalent to amounts of distinct phenate andsulfonate detergents introducing like amounts of phenate and sulfonatesoaps, respectively.

The other detergent may have an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal,or zinc counter ion. In one embodiment the metal may be sodium, calcium,barium, or magnesium. Typically other detergent may be sodium, calcium,or magnesium containing detergent (typically, calcium, or magnesiumcontaining detergent).

The other detergent may typically be an overbased detergent of sodium,calcium or magnesium salt of the phenates, sulfur-containing phenates,salixarates and salicylates. Overbased phenates and salicylatestypically have a total base number of 180 to 450 TBN (on an oil freebasis).

Phenate detergents are typically derived from p-hydrocarbyl phenols.Alkylphenols of this type may be coupled with sulfur and overbased,coupled with aldehyde and overbased, or carboxylated to form salicylatedetergents. Suitable alkylphenols include those alkylated with oligomersof propylene, i.e. tetrapropenylphenol (i.e. p-dodecylphenol or PDDP)and pentapropenylphenol. Other suitable alkylphenols include thosealkylated with alpha-olefins, isomerized alpha-olefins, and polyolefinslike polyisobutylene. In one embodiment, the lubricating compositioncomprises less than 0.2 wt %, or less than 0.1 wt %, or even less than0.05 wt % of a phenate detergent derived from PDDP. In one embodiment,the lubricant composition comprises a phenate detergent that is notderived from PDDP.

The overbased detergent may be present at 0 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.1 wt %to 10 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 8 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %. For example ina heavy duty diesel engine the detergent may be present at 2 wt % to 3wt % of the lubricant composition. For a passenger car engine thedetergent may be present at 0.2 wt % to 1 wt % of the lubricantcomposition. In one embodiment, an engine oil lubricant compositioncomprises at least one overbased detergent with a metal ratio of atleast 3, or at least 8, or at least 15.

In an embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quat of the present technology may further include adispersant, or mixtures thereof. The dispersant may be chosen from asuccinimide dispersant, a Mannich dispersant, a succinamide dispersant,a polyolefin succinic acid ester, amide, or ester-amide, or mixturesthereof.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition includes adispersant or mixtures thereof. The dispersant may be present as asingle dispersant. The dispersant may be present as a mixture of two ormore (typically two or three) different dispersants, wherein at leastone may be a succinimide dispersant.

The succinimide dispersant may be derived from an aliphatic polyamine,or mixtures thereof. The aliphatic polyamine may be aliphatic polyaminesuch as an ethylenepolyamine, a propylenepolyamine, a butylenepolyamine,or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the aliphatic polyamine may beethylenepolyamine. In one embodiment the aliphatic polyamine may bechosen from ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine,tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyamine still bottoms,and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment the dispersant may be a polyolefin succinic acidester, amide, or ester-amide. For instance, a polyolefin succinic acidester may be a polyisobutylene succinic acid ester of pentaerythritol,or mixtures thereof. A polyolefin succinic acid ester-amide may be apolyisobutylene succinic acid reacted with an alcohol (such aspentaerythritol) and an amine (such as a diamine, typicallydiethyleneamine).

The dispersant may be an N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide.An example of an N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide ispolyisobutylene succinimide. Typically the polyisobutylene from whichpolyisobutylene succinic anhydride may be derived has a number averagemolecular weight of 350 to 5000, or 550 to 3000 or 750 to 2500.Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, forinstance in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892, 3,219,666, 3,316,177, 3,340,281,3,351,552, 3,381,022, 3,433,744, 3,444,170, 3,467,668, 3,501,405,3,542,680, 3,576,743, 3,632,511, 4,234,435, Re 26,433, and 6,165,235,7,238,650 and EP Patent Application 0 355 895 A.

The dispersants may also be post-treated by conventional methods by areaction with any of a variety of agents. Among these are boroncompounds (such as boric acid), urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles,carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids such asterephthalic acid, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleicanhydride, nitriles, epoxides, and phosphorus compounds. In oneembodiment the post-treated dispersant is borated. In one embodiment thepost-treated dispersant may be reacted with dimercaptothiadiazoles. Inone embodiment the post-treated dispersant may be reacted withphosphoric or phosphorous acid. In one embodiment the post-treateddispersant may be reacted with terephthalic acid and boric acid (asdescribed in US Patent Application US2009/0054278.

In one embodiment the dispersant may be borated or non-borated.Typically a borated dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant. In oneembodiment, the ashless dispersant may be boron-containing, i.e., hasincorporated boron and delivers said boron to the lubricant composition.The boron-containing dispersant may be present in an amount to deliverat least 25 ppm boron, at least 50 ppm boron, or at least 100 ppm boronto the lubricant composition. In one embodiment, the lubricantcomposition may be free of a boron-containing dispersant, i.e. deliversno more than 10 ppm boron to the final formulation.

The dispersant may be prepared/obtained/obtainable from reaction ofsuccinic anhydride by an “ene” or “thermal” reaction, by what may bereferred to as a “direct alkylation process.” The “ene” reactionmechanism and general reaction conditions are summarized in “MaleicAnhydride”, pages, 147-149, Edited by B. C. Trivedi and B. C. Culbertsonand Published by Plenum Press in 1982. The dispersant prepared by aprocess that includes an “ene” reaction may be a polyisobutylenesuccinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on less than 50 mole %, or0 to less than 30 mole %, or 0 to less than 20 mole %, or 0 mole % ofthe dispersant molecules. The “ene” reaction may have a reactiontemperature of 180° C. to less than 300° C., or 200° C. to 250° C., or200° C. to 220° C.

The dispersant may also be obtained/obtainable from a chlorine-assistedprocess, often involving Diels-Alder chemistry, leading to formation ofcarbocyclic linkages. The process is known to a person skilled in theart. The chlorine-assisted process may produce a dispersant that is apolyisobutylene succinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on 50 mole% or more, or 60 to 100 mole % of the dispersant molecules. Both thethermal and chlorine-assisted processes are described in greater detailin U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,521, columns 4-5 and preparative examples A andB.

The dispersant may have a carbonyl to nitrogen ratio (CO:N ratio) of 5:1to 1:10, 2:1 to 1:10, or 2:1 to 1:5, or 2:1 to 1:2. In one embodimentthe dispersant may have a CO:N ratio of 2:1 to 1:10, or 2:1 to 1:5, or2:1 to 1:2, or 1:1.4 to 1:0.6.

In one embodiment the dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant maycomprise a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene fromwhich polyisobutylene succinimide is derived has a number averagemolecular weight of 350 to 5000, or 750 to 2500.

The dispersant may be present at 0 wt % to 20 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 15 wt %,or 0.5 wt % to 9 wt %, or 1 wt % to 8.5 wt % or 1.5 to 5 wt % of thelubricant composition.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology may be a lubricantcomposition further comprising a molybdenum compound. The molybdenumcompound may be an antiwear agent or an antioxidant. The molybdenumcompound may be chosen from molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates,molybdenum dithiocarbamates, amine salts of molybdenum compounds, andmixtures thereof. The molybdenum compound may provide the lubricantcomposition with 0 to 1000 ppm, or 5 to 1000 ppm, or 10 to 750 ppm 5 ppmto 300 ppm, or 20 ppm to 250 ppm of molybdenum.

In another embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology may further comprise anantioxidant. Antioxidants include sulfurized olefins, diarylamines,alkylated diarylamines, hindered phenols, molybdenum compounds (such asmolybdenum dithiocarbamates), hydroxyl thioethers, or mixtures thereof.In one embodiment the lubricant composition includes an antioxidant, ormixtures thereof. The antioxidant may be present at 0 wt % to 15 wt %,or 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, or0.3 wt % to 1.5 wt % of the lubricant composition.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology and further comprises aphenolic or an aminic antioxidant or mixtures thereof, and wherein theantioxidant is present at 0.1 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 2.75 wt %,or 1 wt % to 2.5 wt %.

The diarylamine or alkylated diarylamine may be a phenyl-α-naphthylamine(PANA), an alkylated diphenylamine, or an alkylated phenylnapthylamine,or mixtures thereof. The alkylated diphenylamine may includedi-nonylated diphenylamine, nonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine,di-octylated diphenylamine, di-decylated diphenylamine, decyldiphenylamine and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the diphenylaminemay include nonyl diphenylamine, dinonyl diphenylamine, octyldiphenylamine, dioctyl diphenylamine, or mixtures thereof. In oneembodiment the alkylated diphenylamine may include nonyl diphenylamine,or dinonyl diphenylamine. The alkylated diarylamine may include octyl,di-octyl, nonyl, di-nonyl, decyl or di-decyl phenylnapthylamines.

The hindered phenol antioxidant often contains a secondary butyl and/ora tertiary butyl group as a sterically hindering group. The phenol groupmay be further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group (typically linear orbranched alkyl) and/or a bridging group linking to a second aromaticgroup. Examples of suitable hindered phenol antioxidants include2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol,4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 4-dodecyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.In one embodiment the hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester andmay include, e.g., Irganox™ L-135 from Ciba. A more detailed descriptionof suitable ester-containing hindered phenol antioxidant chemistry isfound in U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,105.

Examples of molybdenum dithiocarbamates, which may be used as anantioxidant, include commercial materials sold under the trade namessuch as Molyvan 822®, Molyvan® A and Molyvan® 855 from R. T. VanderbiltCo., Ltd., and Adeka Sakura-Lube™ S-100, S-165, S-600 and 525, ormixtures thereof.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology further includes a viscositymodifier. The viscosity modifier is known in the art and may includehydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubbers, ethylene-propylene copolymers,ethylene copolymers with propylene and higher olefins,polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, hydrogenated styrene-isoprenepolymers, hydrogenated diene polymers, polyalkyl styrenes, polyolefins,esters of maleic anhydride-olefin copolymers (such as those described inInternational Application WO 2010/014655), esters of maleicanhydride-styrene copolymers, or mixtures thereof. The viscositymodifier may include a block copolymer comprising (i) a vinyl aromaticmonomer block and (ii), a conjugated diene olefin monomer block (such asa hydrogenated styrene-butadiene copolymer or a hydrogenatedstyrene-isoprene copolymer), a polymethacrylate, an ethylene-alphaolefin copolymer, a hydrogenated star polymer comprising conjugateddiene monomers such as butadiene or isoprene, or a star polymer ofpolymethacrylate, or mixtures thereof.

In an embodiment the viscosity modifier may be a dispersant viscositymodifier. The dispersant viscosity modifier may include functionalizedpolyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have beenfunctionalized with an acylating agent such as maleic anhydride and anamine.

In one embodiment the dispersant viscosity modifier comprises an olefincopolymer further functionalized with a dispersant amine group.Typically, the olefin copolymer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer. Theolefin copolymer has a number average molecular weight of 5000 to20,000, or 6000 to 18,000, or 7000 to 15,000. The olefin copolymer mayhave a shear stability index of 0 to 20, or 0 to 10, or 0 to 5 asmeasured by the Orbahn shear test (ASTM D6278) as described above. Theformation of a dispersant viscosity modifier is well known in the art.The dispersant viscosity modifier may include for instance thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,790,661 column 2, line 48 to column 10,line 38. In one embodiment the dispersant viscosity modifier may beprepared by grafting of an olefinic carboxylic acid acylating agent ontoa polymer of 15 to 80 mole percent of ethylene, from 20 to 85 molepercent of C₃₋₁₀ α-monoolefin, and from 0 to 15 mole percent ofnon-conjugated diene or triene, said polymer having an average molecularweight ranging from 5000 to 20,000, and further reacting said graftedpolymer with an amine (typically an aromatic amine).

The dispersant viscosity modifier may include functionalizedpolyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have beenfunctionalized with an acylating agent such as maleic anhydride and anamine; polymethacrylates functionalized with an amine, or styrene-maleicanhydride copolymers reacted with an amine. Suitable amines may bealiphatic or aromatic amines and polyamines. Examples of suitablearomatic amines include nitroaniline, aminodiphenylamine (ADPA),hydrocarbylene coupled polyaromatic amines, and mixtures thereof. Moredetailed description of dispersant viscosity modifiers are disclosed inInternational Publication WO2006/015130 or U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,863,623;6,107,257; 6,107,258; 6,117,825; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,790,661.

In one embodiment the dispersant viscosity modifier may include thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,623 (see column 2, line 15 to column 3,line 52) or in International Publication WO2006/015130 (see page 2,paragraph [0008] and preparative examples are described paragraphs[0065] to [0073]). In one embodiment the dispersant viscosity modifiermay include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,790,661 column 2, line 48to column 10, line 38.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quat disclosed herein further comprises a dispersantviscosity modifier. The dispersant viscosity modifier may be present at0 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0 wt % to 4 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0.2 wt% to 1.2 wt % of the lubricant composition.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology further includes a frictionmodifier. In one embodiment the friction modifier may be chosen fromlong chain fatty acid derivatives of amines, long chain fatty esters, orderivatives of long chain fatty epoxides; fatty imidazolines; aminesalts of alkylphosphoric acids; fatty alkyl tartrates; fatty alkyltartrimides; fatty alkyl tartramides; fatty malic esters and imides,fatty (poly)glycolates; and fatty glycolamides. The friction modifiermay be present at 0 wt % to 6 wt %, or 0.01 wt % to 4 wt %, or 0.05 wt %to 2 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 2 wt % of the lubricant composition. As usedherein the term “fatty alkyl” or “fatty” in relation to frictionmodifiers means a carbon chain having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, typically astraight carbon chain. Examples of suitable friction modifiers includelong chain fatty acid derivatives of amines, fatty esters, or fattyepoxides; fatty imidazolines such as condensation products of carboxylicacids and polyalkylene-polyamines; amine salts of alkylphosphoric acids;fatty alkyl tartrates; fatty alkyl tartrimides; fatty alkyl tartramides;fatty phosphonates; fatty phosphites; borated phospholipids, boratedfatty epoxides; glycerol esters such as glycerol mono-oleate; boratedglycerol esters; fatty amines; alkoxylated fatty amines; boratedalkoxylated fatty amines; hydroxyl and polyhydroxy fatty aminesincluding tertiary hydroxy fatty amines; hydroxy alkyl amides; metalsalts of fatty acids; metal salts of alkyl salicylates; fattyoxazolines; fatty ethoxylated alcohols; condensation products ofcarboxylic acids and polyalkylene polyamines; or reaction products fromfatty carboxylic acids with guanidine, aminoguanidine, urea, or thioureaand salts thereof.

Friction modifiers may also encompass materials such as sulfurized fattycompounds and olefins, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenumdithiocarbamates, sunflower oil or soybean oil monoester of a polyol andan aliphatic carboxylic acid.

In one embodiment the friction modifier may be a long chain fatty acidester. In another embodiment the long chain fatty acid ester may be amono-ester and in another embodiment the long chain fatty acid ester maybe a triglyceride.

An engine oil lubricant composition comprising the amide/ester quats ofthe present technology optionally further includes at least one antiwearagent. Examples of suitable antiwear agents include titanium compounds,tartaric acid derivatives such as tartrate esters, amides ortartrimides, malic acid derivatives, citric acid derivatives, glycolicacid derivatives, oil soluble amine salts of phosphorus compoundsdifferent from that of the invention, sulfurized olefins, metaldihydrocarbyldithiophosphates (such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates),phosphites (such as dibutyl phosphite), phosphonates,thiocarbamate-containing compounds, such as thiocarbamate esters,thiocarbamate amides, thiocarbamic ethers, alkylene-coupledthiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamyl) disulfides.

The antiwear agent may in one embodiment include a tartrate ortartrimide as disclosed in International Publication WO 2006/044411 orCanadian Patent CA 1 183 125. The tartrate or tartrimide may containalkyl-ester groups, where the sum of carbon atoms on the alkyl groups isat least 8. The antiwear agent may in one embodiment include a citrateas is disclosed in US Patent Application 20050198894.

Another class of additives includes oil-soluble titanium compounds asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,727,943 and US2006/0014651. The oil-solubletitanium compounds may function as antiwear agents, friction modifiers,antioxidants, deposit control additives, or more than one of thesefunctions. In one embodiment the oil soluble titanium compound is atitanium (IV) alkoxide. The titanium alkoxide is formed from amonohydric alcohol, a polyol or mixtures thereof. The monohydricalkoxides may have 2 to 16, or 3 to 10 carbon atoms. In one embodiment,the titanium alkoxide is titanium (IV) isopropoxide. In one embodiment,the titanium alkoxide is titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexoxide. In oneembodiment, the titanium compound comprises the alkoxide of a vicinal1,2-diol or polyol. In one embodiment, the 1,2-vicinal diol comprises afatty acid mono-ester of glycerol, often the fatty acid is oleic acid.In one embodiment, the oil soluble titanium compound is a titaniumcarboxylate. In one embodiment the titanium (IV) carboxylate is titaniumneodecanoate.

An engine oil lubricant composition comprising the amide/ester quats ofthe present technology may further include a phosphorus-containingantiwear agent different from that of the invention. Typically thephosphorus-containing antiwear agent may be a zincdialkyldithiophosphate, phosphite, phosphate, phosphonate, and ammoniumphosphate salts, or mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition may furthercomprise a phosphorus-containing antiwear agent, typically zincdialkyldithiophosphate. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates are known in theart. Examples of zinc dithiophosphates include zinc isopropyl methylamyldithiophosphate, zinc isopropyl isooctyl dithiophosphate, zincdi(cyclohexyl) dithiophosphate, zinc isobutyl 2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, zinc isopropyl 2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, zincisobutyl isoamyl dithiophosphate, zinc isopropyl n-butyldithiophosphate, and combinations thereof. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphatemay be present in amount to provide 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % phosphorus tothe lubricating composition, or to provide 0.015 wt % to 0.075 wt %phosphorus, or 0.02 wt % to 0.05 wt % phosphorus to the lubricatingcomposition.

In one embodiment, an engine oil lubricant composition further comprisesone or more zinc dialkyldithiophosphate such that the amine(thio)phosphate additive of the invention provides at least 50% of thetotal phosphorus present in the lubricating composition, or at least 70%of the total phosphorus, or at least 90% of the total phosphorus in thelubricating composition. In one embodiment, the lubricant composition isfree or substantially free of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. Theantiwear agent may be present at 0 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt%, or 0.5 wt % to 0.9 wt % of the lubricant composition.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology further comprises 0.01 to 5wt % or 0.1 to 2 wt % of an ashless antiwear agent represented byFormula:

whereinY and Y′ are independently —O—, >NH, >NR³, or an imide group formed bytaking together both Y and Y′ groups and forming a R¹—N<group betweentwo >C═O groups;X is independently —Z—O—Z′—, >CH₂, >CHR⁴, >CR⁴R⁵, >C(OH)(CO₂R²),>C(CO₂R²)₂, or >CHOR⁶;Z and Z′ are independently >CH₂, >CHR⁴, >CR⁴R⁵, >C(OH)(CO₂R²), or>CHOR⁶;n is 0 to 10, with the proviso that when n=1, X is not >CH₂, and whenn=2, both X's are not >CH₂;m is 0 or 1;R¹ is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, typicallycontaining 1 to 150 carbon atoms, with the proviso that when R¹ ishydrogen, m is 0, and n is more than or equal to 1;R² is a hydrocarbyl group, typically containing 1 to 150 carbon atoms;R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrocarbyl groups; andR⁶ is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, typically containing 1 to 150carbon atoms.

In one embodiment an engine oil lubricant composition comprising theamide/ester quats of the present technology further comprises 0.01 to 5wt % or 0.1 to 2 wt % of an ashless antiwear agent that may be acompound obtained/obtainable by a process comprising reacting a glycolicacid, a 2-halo-acetic acid, or a lactic acid, or an alkali or alkalinemetal salt thereof, (typically glycolic acid or a 2-halo-acetic acid)with at least one member selected from the group consisting of an amine,an alcohol, and an amino alcohol. For example the compound may berepresented by formulae:

whereinY is independently oxygen or >NH or >NR¹;R¹ is independently a hydrocarbyl group, typically containing 4 to 30,or 6 to 20, or 8 to 18 carbon atoms;Z is hydrogen or methyl;Q is the residue of a diol, triol or higher polyol, a diamine, triamine,or higher polyamine, or an aminoalcohol (typically Q is a diol, diamineor aminoalcohol)g is 2 to 6, or 2 to 3, or 2;q is 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 or 1 to 2;n is 0 to 10, 0 to 6, 0 to 5, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3; andAk¹ is an alkylene group containing 1 to 5, or 2 to 4 or 2 to 3(typically ethylene) carbon atoms; andb is 1 to 10, or 2 to 8, or 4 to 6, or 4.

The compound is known and is described in International publication WO2011/022317, and also in granted U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,404,625, 8,530,395,and 8,557,755.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

In one embodiment, the invention is useful in a liquid fuel or an oil oflubricating viscosity in an internal combustion engine. The internalcombustion engine may be a gasoline or diesel engine. Exemplary internalcombustion engines include, but are not limited to, spark ignition andcompression ignition engines; 2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles; liquid fuelsupplied via direct injection, indirect injection, port injection andcarburetor; common rail and unit injector systems; light (e.g. passengercar) and heavy duty (e.g. commercial truck) engines; and engines fuelledwith hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels and mixtures thereof. Theengines may be part of integrated emissions systems incorporating suchelements as; EGR systems; aftertreatment including three-way catalyst,oxidation catalyst, NO_(x) absorbers and catalysts, catalyzed andnon-catalyzed particulate traps optionally employing fuel-bornecatalyst; variable valve timing; and injection timing and rate shaping.

In one embodiment, the technology may be used with diesel engines havingdirect fuel injection systems wherein the fuel is injected directly intothe engine's combustion chamber. The ignition pressures may be greaterthan 1000 bar and, in one embodiment, the ignition pressure may begreater than 1350 bar. Accordingly, in another embodiment, the directfuel injection system maybe a high-pressure direct fuel injection systemhaving ignition pressures greater than 1350 bar. Exemplary types ofhigh-pressure direct fuel injection systems include, but are not limitedto, unit direct injection (or “pump and nozzle”) systems, and commonrail systems. In unit direct injection systems the high-pressure fuelpump, fuel metering system and fuel injector are combined into oneapparatus. Common rail systems have a series of injectors connected tothe same pressure accumulator, or rail. The rail in turn, is connectedto a high-pressure fuel pump. In yet another embodiment, the unit directinjection or common rail systems may further comprise an optionalturbocharged or supercharged direct injection system.

In a further embodiment, the amide/ester quat technology is useful forproviding at least equivalent, if not improved detergency (depositreduction and/or prevention) performance in both the traditional andmodern diesel engine compared to a 1000 M_(n) quaternary ammoniumcompound. In addition, the technology can provide improved watershedding (or demulsifying) performance compared to 1000 M_(n) quaternaryammonium compounds in both the traditional and modern diesel engine. Inyet another embodiment, the disclosed technology may be used to improvethe cold temperature operability or performance of a diesel fuel (asmeasured by the ARAL test).

In yet another embodiment, a lubricating composition comprising anamide/ester quat is useful for lubricating an internal combustion engine(for crankcase lubrication).

Embodiments of the present technology may provide at least one ofantiwear performance, friction modification (particularly for enhancingfuel economy), detergent performance (particularly deposit control orvarnish control), dispersancy (particularly soot control or sludgecontrol), or corrosion control.

Deposit Control

As fuel burns inside an engine, solid carbonaceous by-products may beproduced. The solid by-products may stick to the interior walls of theengine and are often referred to as deposits. If left unchecked, enginesfouled by deposits may experience a loss in engine power, fuelefficiency, or drivability.

In traditional diesel engines operating at low pressures (i.e., <35MPa), deposits form on the fuel injector tips and in the spray holes.These injector tip deposits can disrupt the spray pattern of the fuel,potentially causing a reduction in power and fuel economy. Deposits mayalso form inside the injectors in addition to forming on the tips. Theseinternal deposits are commonly called internal diesel injector deposits(IDIDs). It is believed that IDIDs have a minor impact, if any on theoperation of traditional diesel engines operating at low pressures.

With the introduction of diesel engines equipped with high pressurecommon rail fuel injector systems (i.e., >35 MPa), however, IDIDs may bemore problematic than in traditional diesel engines. In high pressurecommon rail fuel injector systems, IDIDs can form on injector movingparts, such as the needle and command piston or control valve. IDIDs canhinder the movement of the injector parts, impairing the injectiontiming and the quantity of fuel injected. Since modern diesel enginesoperate on precise multiple injection strategies in order to maximizeefficiency and performance of combustion, IDIDs can have a seriousadverse effect on engine operation and vehicle drivability.

High pressure common rail fuel injector systems are both moresusceptible and more prone to IDID formation. These advanced systemshave tighter tolerances due to their extremely high operating pressures.Likewise, in some cases the clearance between moving parts in theinjectors is only a few microns or less. As such, advanced diesel fuelsystems are more susceptible to IDIDs. Deposits may be likely to form inthese systems because of their higher operating temperatures which canoxidize and decompose the chemically unstable components of the dieselfuel. Another factor that may also contribute to IDID issues in highpressure common rail systems is that these injectors often have loweractivation forces making them even more prone to sticking than in highpressure systems. The lower activation forces may also cause some of thefuel to “leak back” into the injectors, which may also contribute toIDID.

Without limiting this specification to one theory of operation, it isbelieved that IDIDs are formed from when the hydrophilic-lipophilicbalance (HLB) of sparingly soluble contaminants moves to a level wherethe hydrophilic head group dominates over the lipophilic tail. As thelength of the lipophilic tail decreases, the hydrophilic head groupbegins to dominate. The structure of the tail (branched versus linear)and/or may also affect the solubility of the contaminants. In addition,as the polarity of the head group sparingly soluble contaminantsincrease, its solubility decreases. While there may be multiple causesand sources of IDID, two types of IDIDs have been identified; 1) metal(sodium) carboxylate-type IDIDs, often referred to as “metal soaps” or“sodium soaps”, and 2) amide-type IDIDs, often referred to as “amidelacquers”.

Advanced chemical analysis techniques have been used to obtain moredetailed structural information on IDIDs to help identify the sources ofthe problem. Detailed analysis of metal soap-type IDIDs has helpedidentify corrosion inhibitors, such as alkenyl succinic acids, asculprits in IDID formation. The corrosion inhibitors, for example,dodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA) and hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA) (twocommonly used pipeline corrosion inhibitors in the petroleum industry),pick up trace levels of sodium and other metals in the fuel left overfrom the refinery process. Tests have been conducted using enginescompliant with US Tier 3 emission standards to explore the underlyingstructure activity relationships of sodium soap formation. Withoutlimiting this specification to one theory of operation, it is believedthat the formation of metal soap IDIDs is dependent upon the size(number of carbons) of the hydrocarbon tail of the “soap” and the numberof carboxylic acids groups (CO₂H) in the head group of the corrosioninhibitor. It was observed that the tendency to form deposits increaseswhen the inhibitor had a short tail and multiple carboxylic acids in thehead group. In other words, dicarboxylic acid corrosion inhibitors witha lower number average molecular weight (M_(n)) ranging between 280 and340, have a greater tendency to form sodium soap deposits than corrosioninhibitors with a higher number average molecular weight. Persons ofordinary skill in the art will understand that there may be some lowmolecular weight polymers present in corrosion inhibitors with a numberaverage molecular weight above 340.

These laboratory tests have also shown that deposits can form with aslittle as 0.5 to 1 ppm of sodium in the fuel along with 8 to 12 ppm of acorrosion inhibitor, such as DDSA or HDSA, and it is possible that realworld concentrations may be lower with deposits occurring over longerperiods of time, such as 0.01 to 0.5 ppm metal with 1 to 8 ppm corrosioninhibitor.

These metal soaps can be referred to as low molecular weight soaps, andcan be represented, for example, by structures of:

R*(COOH)_(x) ⁻M⁺

wherein R* is a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group having 10to 36 carbon atoms, or 12 to 18, or 12 to 16 carbon atoms, M⁺ is a metalcontaminant, such as sodium, calcium, or potassium, and x is an integerfrom 1 to 4, 2 to 3, or 2. One class of low molecular weight soaps arethose represented by formula:

wherein R* is defined as above. Particular soaps include DDSA or HDSAsoaps. These low molecular weight soaps may have a number averagemolecular weight (M_(n)) ranging between 280 and 340.

Amide lacquer formation is less certain but it has been suggested thatit is derived from polyisobutylene succinimides (PIBSIs) with low numberaverage molecular weight (M_(n)) which are added to diesel fuel tocontrol nozzle fouling. Low molecular weight PIBSIs may have an averageM_(n) of 400 or less using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and apolystyrene calibration curve. Alternatively, low M_(n) PIBSIs may havean average M_(n) of 200 to 300. These low molecular weight PIBSIs may bebyproducts formed from low molecular weight PIBS present in theproduction process. While generally higher molecular weightpolyisobutylene (PIB) with an average M_(n) of 1000 is used to generatethe PIBSIs, low molecular weight PIBs may be present as contaminants.Low molecular weight PIBSIs may also form when increasing the reactiontemperature to remove excess reactants or catalysts. Again, whilecompletely eliminating low M_(n) PIBSIs from anti-foulants might resultin reducing IDID formation, complete elimination might not be practical.Accordingly, low M_(n) PIBSIs may be present in an amount of 5 wt % orless of a total weight of the PIBIs used. It is hypothesized, withoutlimiting this specification to one theory of operation, that the lowmolecular weight portion of the PIBSI is responsible for depositformation as it is only sparingly soluble in diesel and thus deposits onthe injector surface. In fact, amide lacquer IDIDs have been shown to belinked to low molecular weight species by demonstrating that amidelacquer IDIDs can be produced in US Tier 3-compliant engines using a lowmolecular weight PIBSI fraction. Here again, laboratory tests have shownthat as little as 5 ppm of the low molecular weight PIBSI can causedeposit issues and it is possible that real world concentrations may belower with deposits occurring over longer periods of time, such as from0.01 to 5 ppm low molecular weight PIBSI.

Such low molecular weight PIBSI fractions can be represented, forexample, by structure:

wherein R* is as defined above, and R** is a hydrocarbyl polyamine suchas an ethylene polyamine.

The degree of bismaleation of the low molecular weight PIBSI may alsoaffect the polarity of the head group, thereby reducing the PIBSI'ssolubility in the fuel.

Another factor that may contribute to IDID formation is the change indiesel fuel to sulfur-free diesel fuel. Sulfur-free diesel fuel isproduced by hydrotreating wherein polyaromatics are reduced, therebylowering the boiling point of the final fuel. As the final fuel is lessaromatic, it is also less polar and therefore less able to solubilizesparingly soluble contaminants such as metal soaps or amide lacquers.

Surprisingly, the formation of IDIDs can be reduced in a fuel containinglow molecular weight soaps or low molecular weight PIBSI fractions byadding to the fuel the amide/ester quats with a number average molecularweight ranging from 300 to 750 described herein. Thus, an embodiment ofthe present technology includes fuel compositions comprising at leastone low molecular weight soap and the amide/ester quat as describedabove.

In another embodiment, a method of reducing and/or preventing internaldiesel injector deposits is disclosed. The method may comprise employinga fuel composition comprising the amide/ester quat as described above.The fuel may have a low molecular weight soap present therein. In anembodiment, the low molecular weight soap can be derived from thepresence of from 0.01 to 5 ppm of a metal and 1 to 12, or 1 to 8, or 8to 12 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor. Exemplary metals include, but arenot limited to, sodium, calcium, and potassium. The corrosion inhibitorsmay comprise an alkenyl succinic acid such as dodecenyl succinic acid(DDSA) or hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA). In yet another embodiment ofthe present technology the fuel composition may have a low molecularweight polyisobutylene succinimides (PIBSI) present therein. The lowmolecular weight PIBSI may be present in the fuel at greater than 0.01ppm, such as, for example, 5 to 25 ppm, or from 0.01 to 5 ppm of a lowmolecular weight PIBSI.

In a further embodiment, the technology may include a method ofcleaning-up deposits in a diesel engine, such as, a diesel engine havinga high pressure (i.e., above 35 MPa) common rail injector system, byoperating the engine with a fuel containing an amide/ester quat therein.In an embodiment, the clean-up method includes reducing and/orpreventing IDID causing deposits derived from the presence of a lowmolecular weight soap. In an embodiment, the clean-up method includesreducing and/or preventing IDID causing deposits derived from thepresence of a low molecular weight PIBSI.

As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl substituent” or “hydrocarbylgroup” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to thoseskilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbonatom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and havingpredominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groupsinclude: hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl oralkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, andaromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents,as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed throughanother portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form aring); substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituentscontaining non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of thisinvention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of thesubstituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy,mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy); heterosubstituents, that is, substituents which, while having a predominantlyhydrocarbon character, in the context of this invention, contain otherthan carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and encompass substituentsas pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. In general, no more than two,preferably no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be presentfor every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; typically, therewill be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.

It is known that some of the materials described above may interact inthe final formulation, so that the components of the final formulationmay be different from those that are initially added. For instance,metal ions (of, e.g., a detergent) can migrate to other acidic oranionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby, includingthe products formed upon employing the composition of the presentinvention in its intended use, may not be susceptible of easydescription. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction productsare included within the scope of the present invention; the presentinvention encompasses the composition prepared by admixing thecomponents described above.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples,which sets forth particularly advantageous embodiments. While theexamples are provided to illustrate the present invention, they are notintended to limit it.

Example 1—Formation of 550 M_(n) Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride(PIBSA)

A 550 number average molecular weight (M_(n)) polyisobutylene (PIB)(2840 g., 5.163 moles, mid-vinylidene PIB available from Daelim) havinggreater than 20% vinylidene groups is charged to a 5-liter flange flaskequipped with overhead stirrer, air condenser, nitrogen inlet,thermocouple and Eurotherm™ temperature controller (reaction kit).

Maleic anhydride (632.2 g 6.449 moles) is then charged to the reactionvessel. The batch is agitated under a nitrogen blanket and slowly heatedto 203° C. over a 90 minute period. The batch is maintained at 203° C.for 24 hours.

The reaction kit is then reconfigured for vacuum stripping. The batch isstripped at 203° C. and 0.05 bar to remove unreacted maleic anhydride.The batch comprising the formed PIBSA is then cooled back to 50° C. anddecanted into a storage vessel.

Example 2—Formation of Quaternizable Compound—550 M_(n) PIBSA and2-Dimethylaminoethanol

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA (1041.6 g, 1.50 moles) (product of Example 1) ischarged to a 2-liter flask equipped with a water condenser, athermocouple, a dropping funnel, an overhead stirrer and Nitrogen inletand heated to 90° C.

2-Dimethylaminoethanol (133.71 g, 1.50 moles) is added to the flask viathe dropping funnel over 60 minutes. The batch temperature is kept below120° C. while adding the 2-dimethylaminoethanol.

Once all the 2-dimethylaminoethanol is added, the reaction maintained at120° C. for 2 hours. The resulting product is a 550 M_(n)PIBSA/2-dimethylaminoethanol quaternizable compound.

Example 3 (Prophetic)—Formation of a 550 M_(n)PIBSA/2-Dimethylaminoethanol Quaternary Ammonium Salt Using DimethylSulfate (an Ester/Dimethyl Sulfate Quat)

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA/2-dimethylaminoethanol (595.5 g 0.76 moles) (productof Example 2) is charged to a 2 liter flask equipped with a watercondenser, a thermocouple, a dropping funnel, an overhead stirrer and anitrogen inlet.

Diluent oil (1046.6 g), such as mineral oil of type SN 100-SN 150, isadded to the flask and the flask is heated to 60° C. under agitation andnitrogen atmosphere.

Dimethyl sulfate (86.6 g, 0.69 moles) is then added drop wise to theflask. An exotherm of 29° C. is noted taking the batch temperature from60° C. to 89° C. The batch is then maintained at 90° C. for two hoursbefore cooling back to 50° C. and decanting the ester/dimethyl sulfatequat into storage vessel.

Example 4—Formation of Quaternizable Compound—550 M_(n) PIBSA and3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA (1041.6 g, 1.50 moles) (product of Example 1) ischarged to a 2-liter flask equipped with a water condenser, athermocouple, a dropping funnel, an overhead stirrer and Nitrogen inletand heated to 90° C.

3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol (154.74 g, 1.50 moles) is added to the flaskvia the dropping funnel over 60 minutes. The batch temperature is keptbelow 120° C. while adding the 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol. Once all the2-3-dimethylamino-1-propanol is added, the reaction is slowly heated at120° C. and maintained at that temperature for 2 hours. The resultingproduct is a 550 M_(n) PIBSA/3-dimethylamino-1-propanol quaternizablecompound.

Example 5—Formation of a 550 M_(n) PIBSA/3-Dimethylamino-1-propanolQuaternary Ammonium Salt Using Dimethyl Sulfate (an Ester/DimethylSulfate Quat)

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA/3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol (606.1 g, 0.76 moles)(product of Example 4) is charged to a 2 liter flask equipped with awater condenser, a thermocouple, a dropping funnel, an overhead stirrerand a nitrogen inlet.

Diluent oil (1046.6 g), such as mineral oil of type SN 100-SN 150, isadded to the flask and the flask is heated to 60° C. under agitation andnitrogen atmosphere. Dimethyl sulfate (86.6 g, 0.69 moles) is then addeddrop wise to the flask. An exotherm of 29° C. is noted taking the batchtemperature from 60° C. to 89° C. The batch is then maintained at 90° C.for two hours before cooling back to 50° C. and decanting theester/dimethyl sulfate quat into storage vessel.

Example 6—Formation of a 550 M_(n) PIBSA/3-Dimethylamino-1-propanolQuaternary Ammonium Salt Using Propylene Oxide (an Ester/Propylene OxideQuat)

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA/3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol (570 g., 0.715 moles)(product of Example 4) is charged to a 1 liter flask equipped with awater condenser, a thermocouple, a syringe pump, an overhead stirrer anda nitrogen inlet.

2-Ethylhexanol (124.5 g, 0.96 moles) and water (11.0 g, and 0.61 moles)are added to the flask and heated to 75° C. under agitation and nitrogenatmosphere. Propylene oxide (103.8 g, 1.79 moles) is then added to theflask via a syringe pump over 4 hours. The batch is then held at 75° C.for two hours before cooling back to 50° C. and decanting theester/propylene oxide quat into a storage vessel.

Example 7—Formation of Quaternizable Compound—550 M_(n) PIBSA andDimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) Amide Product

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA (510.6 g, 0.82 moles) (product of Example 1) andheptane (184.6 g) are charged to a 2-liter flask equipped with a watercondenser with a Dean-Stark trap, a thermocouple, a dropping funnel, anoverhead stirrer and Nitrogen inlet and heated to 50° C. The mantle isthen removed to allow the flask maximum air cooling.

Once the contents of the flask drops back to below 50° C. DMAPA (83.5 g,0.819 moles) is added to the flask over 60 minutes. The batch is thenheld at 50° C. for 50 minutes. The resulting product is a 550 M_(n)PIBSA/DMAPA quaternizable compound.

Example 8—Formation of a 550 M_(n) PIBSA/DMAPA Quaternary Ammonium SaltUsing Propylene Oxide (an Amide/Propylene Oxide Quat)

The 550 M_(n) PIBSA/DMAPA (401 g., 0.421 moles) (product of Example 7)is charged to a 1 liter flask equipped with a water condenser, athermocouple, a syringe pump, an overhead stirrer and a nitrogen inlet.

2-Ethylhexanol (125.5 g, 0.97 moles) and water (11.0 g, and 0.61 moles)are added to the flask and heated to 45° C. under agitation and nitrogenatmosphere. Propylene oxide (48.72 g, 0.84 moles) is then added to theflask via a syringe pump over 4 hours. The batch is then held at 50° C.for 4 hours before decanting the amide/propylene oxide quat into astorage vessel.

Comparative Example 9—Formation of a 1000 M_(n) PIBSA/DMAPA QuaternaryAmmonium Salt Using Propylene Oxide (1000 M_(n) Imide/Propylene OxideQuat)

For Comparative Example 9, a 1000 M_(n) imide/propylene oxide quat isprepared as in Example 8, except that 1000 M_(n) polyisobutylene havinggreater than 70% vinylidene groups is used as the base material.

The ranges of the components used may vary based on reaction conditionsor equipment set-up, including batch size, temperatures, pressures, andtime. For example, if propylene oxide is used as the quaternizing agent,large batches may require less propylene oxide than small batchesbecause larger amounts of propylene oxide will not evaporate as quicklyas smaller amounts. Further, some of the components, such as the proticsolvent, water and/or acid are optional. Thus, it is possible to makethe amide/ester quats using parameters outside those disclosed in theexamples.

The total amount of quat produced may be measured using electrosprayionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The total amount of quat produced is the percentage of thequaternizable compound converted to the quaternized ammonium salt andmay include both amide/ester quats and imide quats. Thus, the amount ofquaternizable compound converted or amount of quaternized salt produced,may range from 60 to 100%, or from 80 to 90%. The quaternized ammoniumsalt produced may comprise either all amide containing quaternizedammonium salts or a combination of imide and amide quats. For example,in one embodiment, 90% of the quaternized salt may be converted to aquat. All of the quat produced (100%) may be an amide/ester quat. Inanother embodiment, the amount of quaternizable compound converted toamide/ester quats may range from 25 to 100%. In another embodiment, theamount of quaternizable compound converted to amide/ester quats mayrange from 30 to 70%, or 35 to 60%, with the balance including imidequats and/or unconverted quaternizable compound. Likewise, the amount ofquaternizable compound converted may comprise 25 to 75% imide quats,with the balance comprising amide/ester quats and and/or unconvertedquaternizable compound.

Demulsification (Water Shedding) Testing

The demulsification test may be performed to measure the amide/esterquats' ability to demulsify fuel and water mixtures. The demulsificationtest is run according to the procedure in ASTM D1094-07 (“Standard TestMethod for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels”). The quaternary ammoniumsalt is added to room temperature fuel at 60 ppm actives by weight basedon a total weight of the fuel. A commercially available demulsifier(Tolad 9327 available from Baker Hughes) is added to the fuel at 18 ppmby weight based on a total weight of the fuel.

The fuel (80 mL) is then added to a clean, 100 mL-graduated cylinder. Aphosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.0 (20 mL) is then added to thegraduated cylinder and the cylinder is stoppered. The cylinder is shakenfor 2 minutes at 2 to 3 strokes per second and placed on a flat surface.The volume of the aqueous layer, or water recovery, is then measured at3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 30-minute intervals. The test results forExample 6 and Comparative Example 9 are shown in Table 1 below and inFIG. 1.

TABLE 1 3 5 7 10 15 30 Time Example 6 4 5 5 6 6 7 Water recovered (mL)Comparative 0 0 0 0 0 0 Water recovered (mL) Example 9

Deposit Tests—CEC F-23-01 Procedure for Diesel Engine Injector NozzleCoking Test

Deposit tests are performed using Peugeot S.A.'s XUD 9 engine inaccordance with the procedure in CEC F-23-01. For the first deposittest, air flow is measured though clean injector nozzles of the XUD 9engine using an air-flow rig. The engine is then run on a reference fuel(RF79) and cycled through various loads and speeds for a period of 10hours to simulate driving and allow any formed deposits to accumulate.The air-flow through the nozzles are measured again using the air-flowrig. The percentage of air flow loss (or flow remaining) is thencalculated.

A second deposit test is performed using the same steps above, except7.5 ppm actives of an amide/ester quat are added to the reference fuel.The test results for Example 6 and the reference fuel are shown in Table2 below and in FIG. 2.

TABLE 2 Flow Loss (%) Flow Remaining (%) Example 6 57.4 42.6 ReferenceFuel 80 20

CEC F-98-08 DW10B Procedure for Common Rail Diesel Engine Nozzle CokingTest

Common rail fouling tests are performed using Peugeot S.A.'s DW102.0-liter common rail unit with a maximum injection pressure of 1600 barand fitted with Euro standard 5 fuel injection equipment supplied bySiemens. The test directly measures engine power, which decreases as thelevel of injector fouling increases. The engine is cycled at high loadand high speed in timed increments with “soak” periods between therunning cycles. The test directly measures engine power, which decreasesas the level of injector fouling increases. For the first test, theengine is run on a reference fuel (RF79) with a trace amount of a zincsalt.

A second deposit test is performed using the same steps above, except 35ppm of an amide/ester quat are added to the reference fuel in additionto the zinc salt.

Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein byreference. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitlyindicated, all numerical quantities in this description specifyingamounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number ofcarbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word“about.” Unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or compositionreferred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial gradematerial which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, andother such materials which are normally understood to be present in thecommercial grade. However, the amount of each chemical component ispresented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may becustomarily present in the commercial material, unless otherwiseindicated. It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount,range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined.Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention canbe used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.

As used herein, the transitional term “comprising,” which is synonymouswith “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive oropen-ended and does not exclude additional, un-recited elements ormethod steps. However, in each recitation of “comprising” herein, it isintended that the term also encompass, as alternative embodiments, thephrases “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of,” where“consisting of” excludes any element or step not specified and“consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of additionalun-recited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essentialor basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method underconsideration.

While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown forthe purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparentto those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications canbe made therein without departing from the scope of the subjectinvention. In this regard, the scope of the invention is to be limitedonly by the following claims.

What we claim:
 1. A composition comprising an ester or amide containing quaternary ammonium salt (“amide/ester quat”), wherein the amide/ester quat comprises the reaction product of: a) a quaternizable compound that is the reaction product of: (i) a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent, wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituent has a number average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 750, and (ii) a nitrogen containing compound having an oxygen or nitrogen atom capable of reacting with said hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent to form an ester or amide, and further having at least one quaternizable amino group; and b) a quaternizing agent suitable for converting the quaternizable amino group of the nitrogen containing compound to a quaternary nitrogen.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternizable amino group is a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group.
 3. The composition of any previous claim, wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent comprises at least one polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride or polyisobutenyl succinic acid.
 4. The composition of any previous claim, wherein the reaction of a)(i) with a)(ii) is carried out at a temperature of less than 80° C.
 5. The composition of any previous claim wherein the nitrogen containing compound excludes dimethylaminopropylamine.
 6. The composition of any previous claim, wherein the quaternizing agent comprises at least one dialkyl sulfate, alkyl halide, hydrocarbyl substituted carbonate, hydrocarbyl epoxide, carboxylate, alkyl ester, or mixtures thereof.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with an acid.
 9. The composition of claim 6, wherein the quaternizing agent is an oxalate or terephthalate.
 10. The composition of any previous claim wherein the quaternizing agent excludes methyl salicylate.
 11. The composition of any previous claim, further comprising at least one other additive.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one other additive comprises a detergent, a dispersant, a demulsifier, a lubricity agent, a cold flow improver, an antioxidant, or a mixture thereof.
 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one other additive comprises at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid.
 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one other additive comprises at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted quaternary ammonium salt.
 15. The composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one other additive comprises at least one detergent/dispersant that is an amphiphilic substance which possess at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical with a number average molecular weight of 100 to 10000 and at least one polar moiety selected from (i) Mono- or polyamino groups having up to 6 nitrogen atoms, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties; (ii) Hydroxyl groups in combination with mono or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atoms having basic properties; (v) Polyoxy-C₂ to C₄ alkylene moieties terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, at least one nitrogen atom having basic properties, or by carbamate groups; (vii) Moieties derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups; and/or (viii) Moieties obtained by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines.
 16. The composition of claims 13 through 15, wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituent is a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight ranging from 100 to
 5000. 17. The composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one other additive comprises at least one Mannich compound.
 18. The composition of any previous claim, further comprising a fuel that is liquid at room temperature.
 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the fuel is gasoline or diesel.
 20. The fuel composition of claim 18 or 19 further comprising at least one of a low number average molecular weight soap, a low number average molecular weight polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI), or a mixture thereof.
 21. The fuel composition of claims 18 through 20, further comprising a low number average molecular weight soap with a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of less than
 340. 22. The fuel composition of claims 18 through 20, further comprising from 0.01 to 25 ppm of a metal and from 1 to 12 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor.
 23. The fuel composition of claim 22, wherein the corrosion inhibitor is an alkenyl succinic acid comprising at least one of dodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA), hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA), or mixtures thereof.
 24. The fuel composition of claims 18 through 20, wherein the fuel comprises PIBSI with a low number average molecular weight M_(n) of less than
 400. 25. A method of improving water shedding performance of a fuel composition comprising employing a composition comprising an amide/ester quat according to any claims 1 to
 24. 26. The composition of any of claims 1 to 17, further comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity.
 27. A method of operating an internal combustion engine comprising: a) supplying to said engine: (i) a fuel, wherein said fuel
 1. is liquid at room temperature; and
 2. has a composition comprising an amide/ester quat according to any claims 1 to 17 therein; and b) operating said engine.
 28. A method of operating an internal combustion engine comprising: a) supplying to a crankcase of said engine: (i) an oil of lubricating viscosity having a composition comprising an amide/ester quat according to any claims 1 to 17 therein, and b) operating said engine.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity has total sulfated ash of less than 1 wt % and/or a phosphorus content of less than 0.11 wt %.
 30. A method of reducing and/or preventing injector deposits comprising: a) supplying to a fuel injector of said engine: (i) a fuel, wherein said fuel
 1. is liquid at room temperature; and
 2. has a composition comprising an amide/ester quat according to any claims 1 to 17 therein; and b) operating said engine.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the deposits comprise a low number average molecular weight soap, a low number average molecular weight polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI), or mixtures thereof.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the fuel comprises a low number average molecular weight soap with a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of less than
 340. 33. The method of claims 30 through 32 wherein the fuel comprises from 0.01 to 25 ppm of a metal and from 1 to 12 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the corrosion inhibitor is an alkenyl succinic acid comprising at least one of dodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA), hexadecenyl succinic acid (HDSA), or mixtures thereof.
 35. The method of claim 30, wherein the fuel comprises a PIBSI with a low number average molecular weight M_(n) of less than
 400. 36. The method of claims 30 to 36, wherein the fuel is gasoline or diesel.
 37. The method of any of claims 27 to 35 wherein the engine comprises a high pressure common rail injector system.
 38. The use of composition of any of claims 1 to 17 to reduce and/or prevent internal deposits in an engine operated with a fuel, wherein the fuel is gasoline or diesel.
 39. The use of claim 38 wherein the engine comprises a high pressure common rail injector system.
 40. The use of claim 38 or 39 wherein said deposits are internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) deposits. 